Several types of bacteria enhance their survival by attaching to non-living surfaces or tissues, presenting them as multicellular communities covered by a protective extracellular matrix called biofilm. There has been a clear interest in assessing the relationship between antibiotic resistance phenotype and biofilm production. The aim of this paper was to present additional experimental results on this topic and to test the biofilm formation ability of Escherichia coli isolates using in vitro methods in the context of their antibiotic resistance. In our case study, (24) isolates of E. coli were included, and the colony morphology of the isolates was recorded after 24 hours, while the antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by adhesion using the Kirby Power disc diffusion method. The biofilm formation of the isolates was evaluated using the method. All 24 clinical specimens 100% showed strong biofilm formation and all clinical specimens showed the presence of pml gene by clear bands in gel electrophoresis. The results of the antibiotic sensitivity test of E. coli isolates by disk diffusion method against 18 types of commonly used antibiotics showed a large variation in their rates of antibiotic resistance, as the highest percentage of resistance to the antibiotic to E. coli resistance to the most common antibiotics used in treatment. The highest rate of resistance was seen with cephalothin and Clindamycin 24/24 (100%) followed by ceftazidime, cefotaxime Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and Erythromycin 18/24 (75%), Netilmicin, Chloramphenicol, Amoxicillin, and Tetracycline 16/24 (66%), Gentamicin 14/24 (58%), Tobramycin and Trimethoprim 11/24 (45%), Ampicillin and Impenem 6/24 (25%), Colistin sulfate and Azithromycin 4/24 (16%) as all isolates were sensitive. The study found a positive correlation between interesting study genes and biofilm formation and antibiotics in E. coli. Strains that appeared multidrug-resistant (MDR) were given a high mean of biofilm. It has been demonstrated that some correlations exist between antibiotic resistance and the biofilmforming ability of E. coli isolates. There is an association between biofilm production with persistent infection and antibiotic failure.

Several types of bacteria enhance their survival by attaching to nonliving surfaces or tissues, presenting them as multicellular communities covered by a protective extracellular matrix called biofilm. There has been a clear interest in assessing the relationship between antibiotic resistance phenotype and biofilm production. The aim of this paper was to present additional experimental results on this topic and to test the ability of Salmonella typhi isolates to biofilm formation using in vitro methods in the context of their antibiotic resistance. In the result of the study, 28 isolates of S. typhi were included. All 28 clinical specimens 100% showed strong biofilm formation and all clinical specimens showed the presence of pml gene by clear bands in gel electrophoresis. The results of the antibiotic sensitivity test of S. typhi isolates by disk diffusion method against 18 types of commonly used antibiotics showed a large variation in their rates of antibiotic resistance, as the highest percentage of resistance to the antibiotic to S. typhi resistance to the most common antibiotics used in treatment. The highest rate of resistance was seen with Ciprofloxacin and Gentamycin, Ceftrazidime, Cefotaxime, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin 28/28 (100%) followed by Azithromycin and Cephalothin 26/28 (92.9%), Levofloxacin and Erythromycin 22/28 (78.6%), Chloramphenicol 20/28 (71.4%), Clindamycin 8/28 (28.6%), Imipenem 4/28 (14.3%), Tobramycin, Netilmicin and Tetracycline 3/28 (10.7%) as all isolates were sensitive. The study found a positive correlation between interesting study genes and biofilm formation and antibiotics in S. typhi. Strains that appeared multidrug-resistant (MDR) were given a high mean of biofilm. It has been demonstrated that some correlations exist between antibiotic resistance and the biofilm-forming ability of S. typhi isolates. There is an association between biofilm production with persistent infection and antibiotic failure.

A new sulbatamol sulphate SBS membrane electrode was prepared that utilizing for its determination ; depend on the forming of the association complex ion of sulbatamol sulphate by the phosphotungstate counter anion deposed in poly vinyl chloride PVC polymer, by use a (Di-n- Octyl Phenyl Phthalate)(Dopp) as the plastizier substance, in membrane.The features properties as well as the behavior of it .The new electrode have been elaborated. The concentrations of medicine by utillizing This sensor show a fast, stable, near-Nernstian response in the range (1x10-1-1x10-6) mol/ L were determined with correlation coefficient of about (r = 0.9991) and with of a relative standard about 0.416 additionally deviation relative standard error of 1.710  %.pot The nernast linearity slop was founded and it is equal to 28.9 mV/decade and the detection limit was 4.1 x 10-6 mol/ L.The electrode selectivity coefficient Ki,j was calculated, in the existence of several interferences cations with confirmed medicine solutions. It was found the pH range response is in the range of (3 -7), with the response time of (30 – 116) sec. for various  concentrations at room temperture , the lifetime for  electrode was found to be more than 21 days. The electrode was successfully used for potentiometric limitation of sulbatamol sulphate in several pharmaceutical drugs by using direct potentiometry.