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We propose an integrated scheme for estimating the mobility state and model parameters of a user based on a first-order autoregressive model of mobility that accurately captures the characteristics of realistic user movements in wireless networks. Estimation of the mobility parameters is performed by applying the Yule-Walker equations to the training data. Estimation of the mobility state, which consists of the position, velocity, and acceleration of the mobile station is accomplished via an extended Kalman filter using measurements from the wireless network. The integration of mobility state and model parameter estimation results in an efficient and accurate realtime mobility tracking scheme that can be applied in a variety of wireless networking applications. The mobility estimation scheme can also be used to generate realistic mobility patterns to drive computer simulations of mobile networks. We validate the proposed mobility estimation scheme using mobile trajectories collected from drive-test data obtained from a live cellular network.

For many, this is no longer a valid question and the case is considered settled with SDN/NFV (Software Defined Networking/Network Function Virtualization) providing the inevitable innovation enablers towards the realization of a virtualized, flexible, programmable and flexible 5G network. As SDN along with other technology enablers (including NFV) are still in the process of evolution, the first commercial deployment of 5G may take few years. However, some companies are claiming the availability of 5G solutions, but considering the monumental task of softwarization of mobile cellular networks there are genuine concerns that we may only see some point solutions involving SDN technology instead of a fully virtualized SDN-enabled 5G mobile network. In order to determine the technology readiness of SDN solutions in the context of 5G networks, this survey paper attempts to identify all important obstacles in the way, and looks at the state of the art of the relevant research. This survey is different from the previous surveys on SDN-based mobile networks as it focuses on the salient problems and discusses solutions proposed within and outside SDN literature. Our main focus is on fronthaul, backward compatibility, supposedly disruptive nature of SDN deployment, business cases and monetization of SDN related upgrades, latency of general purpose processors (GPP), and additional security vulnerabilities that softwarization brings along to the mobile network. We have also provided a summary of the architectural developments in SDN-based mobile network landscape, including deployment options for SDN within NFV framework, as not all work can be covered under the focused issues. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on the state of the art of SDNbased mobile networks and clearly points out the gaps in the technology.

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Abstract-In this article, we identify and study the potential of an integrated deployment solution for energy efficient cellular networks combining the strengths of two very active currently research themes: software defined radio access networks (SD-RAN) and decoupled signaling and data transmissions, or beyond cellular green generation (BCG2) architecture, for enhanced energy efficiency. While SD-RAN envisions a decoupled centralized control plane and data forwarding plane for flexible control, the BCG2 architecture calls for decoupling coverage from capacity and coverage is provided through always-on low-power signaling node for a larger geographical area; capacity is catered by various on-demand data nodes for maximum energy efficiency. In this paper, we identify that a combined approach bringing in both specifications together can, not only achieve greater benefits, but also facilitates the faster realization of both technologies. We propose the idea and design of a signaling controller which acts as a signaling node to provide always-on coverage, consuming low power, and at the same time also hosts the control plane functions for the SD-RAN through a general purpose processing platform. Phantom cell concept is also a similar idea where a normal macro cell provides interference control to densely deployed small cells, although, our initial results show that the integrated architecture has much greater potential of energy savings in comparison to phantom cells.