Citrus nursery is one of the upstream sectors that is significant to support citrus agribusiness in Sambas regency as citrus production center area in West Kalimantan. Several programs have been conducted to increase the capacity and technology adoption of disease-free certified citrus seedling producers. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the implementation of technology support for disease-free certified citrus grafted seedling production through mentoring programs to increase the knowledge and skill capacity of the seedling producers, as well as to evaluate the adoption level of the certified citrus seedling producers towards the recommended technology for disease-free certified citrus seedling production in Sambas Regency. The mentoring programs were carried out by training and establishing a model of citrus Bud-stick Multiplication Block. The evaluation of the adoption level of recommended technology was carried out by conducting surveys before and after the mentoring programs. The adoption evaluation of the recommended technology components comprised of the use of polybags during the whole production process, sowing rootstock seeds correctly, nucellar selection, transplanting, the use of bud-stick from Bud-stick Multiplication Block, Grafting and optimum maintenance. The evaluation results indicated that several technology components got an increase in the adoption rates after the completion of the mentoring programs. However, there were still few technology components that did not experience changes in the rate of adoption.

This research analyzes incentives for new tangerine farmers by different intermediaries in Tuban, Indonesia. Direct interviews and a survey were conducted in 2014 and 2015 with new farmers, Bakul (small local collectors), wholesalers, tangerine middlemen, and the government office. New tangerine farmers in Tuban use three alternative logistic routes: the Bakul and/or wholesalers, the tangerine Tebasan system, and the tangerine Ijon system. This study found that new farmers obtain over twice the margins when they sell tangerines to the Bakul and/or wholesalers compared with farmers who use the tangerine Tebasan system and the tangerine Ijon system. However, some new farmers prefer to use the tangerine Tebasan system or the tangerine Ijon system to obtain immediate cash before harvest terms, to avoid harvesting failure, and to enjoy leisure in summer, although these tangerine farmers gain relatively small margins compared to those who sell tangerines to Bakul and/or wholesalers.

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Citrus is a non-climacteric fruit that breaks easily. Poor postharvest handling methods have resulted in severe losses to farmers. This research was conducted in 2017 at Dau Subdistrict, Malang Regency, East Java, using a purposive sampling method to understanding the losses of citrus fruits and perceptions of farmers in marketing decisions. A total of 177 citrus farmers participated in this study. Citrus farmers experienced food loss and waste is 34% in total all activity. From the value chain activities carried out by most citrus farmers: production and harvesting, handling and storage, processing, and packaging, as well as distribution and markets, farmers experience food loss and waste of 13%, 10%, 4%, and 7% respectively. Postharvest losses were influenced by farmers' perceptions of selling citrus fruits, especially prices, cash payments and the frequency of delivery of citrus fruits. By knowing the critical point most detrimental, farmers can take action to minimize losses.