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Summary Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) present numerous constraints, which motivate many researchers and which reside mainly in the fact that their resources are limited in terms of communication, calculations, and energy. In particular, the stress linked to energy is considered as a fundamental problem. Indeed, all the sensor elements need energy to function. Thus, controlling the energy consumption of a node remains a major problem for maximizing the lifetime of the network. The clustering and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithms have been seen as a good solution to route data while maintaining a better network lifetime. However, the existing state‐of‐the‐art cluster and ACO‐based routing protocols perform re‐clustering and fail to restrict the ant searching scope. This consumes a high amount of energy and makes the convergence speed slow. For these reasons, this paper presents an Improved ACO‐based Energy‐efficient Routing Protocol (IACO‐ERP) to mitigate the hot spot problem by proposing a multiple Fog Nodes (FNs)‐based energy‐efficient network model. IACO‐ERP avoids re‐clustering and rotates the Cluster Head (CH) role based on energy among cluster members without any need for control overhead, and also, it proposes to limit the scope of ant searching for optimal route toward the sink based on some specific parameters such as energy and distance, thus avoiding routing loop, slow convergence speed, and excessive energy consumption. The proposed routing protocol is evaluated against some recent and relevant existing solutions. The simulations results reveal that IACO‐ERP provides significant improvement in comparison to its counterparts in terms of various main metrics.

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Advances in wireless communications and embedded electronics have led to the emergence of new wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. Accordingly, in many recent WSN applications nodes involve internet connection for remote monitoring and control purposes. Moreover, in these applications the use of mobile nodes is strongly required in order to achieve their specific tasks. Consequently, specific communication protocols are needed to accomplish these requirements. In this paper, we study IPv6-based protocols designed to manage node mobility and take into consideration WSN constraints. Our study aims to classify these protocols, and then compare their energy and temporal costs in order to help users to choose the suitable protocol for their WSN applications.

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