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Introduction. Male-to-female transgender individuals are known as mak nyahs in Malaysia. Akin to many other countries, mak nyahs face discriminations in securing proper employment, thus many end up in sex trade, exposing them to HIV-related high risk behaviours. This paper aims to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and risk behaviours in HIV/AIDS among mak nyahs in Malaysia. Method. Validated questionnaires in local language were used. Knowledge, attitude, and HIV-related risk behaviours were measured. With respondent-driven sampling method, 54 subjects participated in the survey. IBM SPSS was used for data analysis. Results. Majority of the subjects reported to have HIV-related sexual risk, although only a quarter were sex workers. Misconceptions still remained among the subjects. Inconsistent condom use was common. Adequate knowledge did result in better attitude towards HIV/AIDS. However, multiple regression analysis showed that subjects with higher knowledge in HIV/AIDS tend to have higher sexual risks (β = 0.320, p = 0.030). Conclusion. Educating the transgender community about HIV/AIDS does not seem to adequately reduce the HIV-related sexual risks. Other approaches, i.e. socio-cultural values and religious practices may be effective to instil higher levels of awareness and self-responsibility in this community to eliminate HIVrelated high risk behaviours.

This study aims to: (1) present the characteristics of leading horticultural farming in Aceh, (2) compare the conditions of existing traits with those that should live in entering digital agribusiness, (3) identify the constraints in agribusiness to enter digital era, and (4) find the solution of the constraints. Descriptive analysis, tabulation, and comparison are used as the analytical tools in this study. The results show that leading horticultural agribusiness in Aceh have problems in adapting digital era because today’s agribusiness characteristics still outperform. Constraints are attributed to the internal factors of those who plays essential roles in agribusiness. Those factors are: older age of agribusiness actors, low educational attainment, unfamiliar with digital technology, and limited access to land and capital. This study find that government acts, such as improving social assistance, mentoring and coaching, are crucially needed to support agribusiness actors competing in digital era.

Effective rice supply chains are needed to continuously increase activity in customer service including fulfilment of demand, punctuality in delivery, and rate of return of goods by consumers for certain reasons (return). The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of rice supply chains in large-scale rice refineries in Bireuen Regency. The descriptive qualitative method was used to identify effectiveness of rice flow using the Food Supply Chain Networking (FSCN) framework. The results showed that the characteristics of the rice procurement process at large-scale rice refineries will be more efficient in producing and distributing rice if each party within the supply chain is a member of the procurement process, including farmers, collectors, wholesalers, and retailers. These parties should rely on a formal partnership contract so that the financial flow can be completed quickly to reduce late payments which are detrimental to the large- scale rice refineries in Bireuen Regency.