Within the limits of the study, the combination of mechanical and chemical treatment proved to be the most effective treatment for disinfection of the anodized implant surface.

Several lines of evidence show that transplantation of osteoblastic cells or genetically engineered nonosteogenic cells expressing osteoblastrelated genes into bone defects effectively promotes bone regeneration. To extend this possibility, we investigated whether oral mucosal fibroblasts are capable of differentiating into osteoblastic cells by conducting in vitro and in vivo experiments. We investigated the effects of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) on osteoblast differentiation of cultured fibroblasts isolated from canine buccal mucosa. We also transplanted green fluorescence protein (GFP)-expressing fibroblasts with gelatin/BMP-2 complexes into the subfascial regions of athymic mice, and investigated the localization of GFP-positive cells in the ectopically formed bones. The cultured canine buccal mucosal fibroblasts differentiated into osteoblastic cells by increasing their alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and Osteocalcin, Runx2, and Osterix mRNA expression levels in response to BMP-2. Transplantation experiments of GFP-expressing oral mucosal fibroblasts with gelatin/BMP-2 complexes revealed that 17.1% of the GFP-positive fibroblasts differentiated into ALP-positive cells, and these cells accounted for 6.2% of total ALP-positive cells in the ectopically formed bone. This study suggests that oral mucosal fibroblasts can differentiate into osteogenic cells in response to BMP-2. Thus, these cells are potential candidates for cell-mediated bone regeneration therapy in dentistry. Anat Rec, 295:1327Rec, 295: -1335

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Background: Periosteum plays essential role in offering protection and nutrition to the cortical bone. However, in some clinical situation such as a bone fracture surgery or an alveolar ridge expansion for dental implant surgery, certain amount of periosteum is removed. But the reaction of osteocyte to the periosteum removal has seldom been reported.Aim/Hypothesis: In this study, we observe the effects of periosteum removal on the osteocytes in mouse calvaria histologically. Material and methods: Fifteen C57BL/6 mice were used in this study. Under anesthesia, a 2 9 3 mm rectangular shape periosteum (2 mm behind the coronal suture and 1 mm beside the sagittal suture) was cut and removed from the left side of calvaria and the right side was intact as control. Five mice were sacrificed 1 day, 3 days and 7 days after the operation and the calvariae together with skin were subjected to histological examination.Results: At day 3 and day 7, periosteum removed side showed a significantly higher number of empty lacunae than the control side ( Fig.). The empty lacunae were mainly restricted to the outer half of the calvaria within the periosteum stripped area. Slcerostin expression and distribution in canaliculi also dramatically decreased in periosteum stripped side at all the time points.Conclusions and clinical implications: Periosteum removal can lead to an acute apoptosis to the osteocytes in outer layer of skull and decreased expression of sclerostin in the remaining osteocytes within that area.