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BACKGROUND:Testosterone deficiency in men is characterized by typical symptoms of hypogonadism and negative influence on the preservation of bone mass. In this study, we analysed the relationship between testosterone concentration and

IntroductionThe objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between microvascular and macrovascular disturbances in patients with type 2 diabetes, as shown by results of ophthalmological examination and by vascular and perfusion examinations of the lower limbs.Material and methodsA total of 85 patients with type 2 diabetes and an additional cardiovascular risk factor were enrolled in the study. All patients underwent complex ophthalmological examination, including fundus colour photography and fluorescein angiography, and were divided into two groups: group I with signs of diabetic non-proliferative retinopathy (NPDR), and group II with signs of diabetic proliferative retinopathy (P/PDR). After collection of the general medical history and analysis of medical data, patients underwent vascular and muscle perfusion examination of the lower limbs.ResultsIn the P/PDR group, disturbances of lower-limb perfusion were more frequent than in the NPDR group. Analysis of the blood flow and results of lower-limb muscle perfusion for the two groups showed a significant relationship with the severity of microvascular complications observed in examination of the fundus.ConclusionsOphthalmological assessment of the progression of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes is a reliable indicator of the changes in peripheral vessel systems and perfusion defects in the lower limbs.

Objective. In postmenopausal period, changes in bone turnover markers (BTM), vitamin D3, cytokines and parathyroid hormone (PTH) are frequently observed. The study was to assess bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism index (IBM) in the perimenopausal women. Design years: 2013-2014. Subjects and Methods. One hundred and thirteen women were divided into four groups: group I (35 not menstruating 50-60 years old with osteoporosis), II (23 not menstruating 50-60 years old without osteoporosis), III (30 menstruating 40-49 years old with osteoporosis), IV (25 menstruating 40-49 years old without osteoporosis). The following parameters were measured: IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, hormone oestradiol (E2), PTH, FSH, TSH, calcium (Ca 2+), phosphates (P), alkaline phosphatase (bALP), C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen alpha 1 chain (α1CTX), osteocalcin (OC), BMD, IBM. Results. IBM and BMD were significantly lower in premenopausal than in postmenopausal women. The concentration of OC, CTX, 25OH D3 and PTH levels differed significantly between group I vs. II, group I vs. III and group II vs. IV. Conclusions. The levels of BTM, D3, PTH differed significantly between groups. This study demonstrated that bone metabolism depended mainly on processes related with menopause state and changes in D3, PTH and cytokines levels.

SummaryBackgroundBone metabolism assessment requires the determination of bone mass and quality. The bone metabolism was assessed with the modified bone scintigraphy using 99mTc-MDP. The elaboration of radioisotopic method and program allowed for the assessment of bone metabolism, index of bone metabolism assay and definition of its normal values range with the possibility of clinical application.Material/MethodsWe examined 70 healthy young women with normal BMI, in which bone system was assessed with scintigraphic and densitometric examinations, and bone turnover markers definition together with hormonal and biochemical blood tests were performed. Group exclusion examinations were also performed, including basic, biochemical and hormonal blood tests, bone turnover markers and densitometric examinations with DXA technique. The scintigraphic examinations were performed using a gamma camera after 99mTc-MDP injection. After the application of the BONS method and program, the normal values range was determined with the STATISTICA 8 program.ResultsThe normal results of basic, biochemical, hormonal and vascular tests were obtained. The examinations of bone turnover markers confirmed the balance between bone formation and bone resorption processes. The normal results of densitometric examinations excluded osteopeny or osteoporosis. The normal values range of IBM in young healthy women was between 84.08 and 105.ConclusionsThe elaborated BONS program and method allow for the quantitative assessment of bone quality and definition of IBM normal values range. The quantitative scintigraphic bone examinations provide an alternative to the bone markers examination for obtaining information about bone metabolism.