A study was conducted to determine qualitative and quantitative lead contamination in soil and vegetation along two major roadsides of Pakistan using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. There has been a rapid increase in vehicles on the highways using petroleum products, which has caused considerable raised the quantity of lead in the atmosphere increasing the risk to health. Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) was used as multi elemental analysis technique to cross confirm the lead contamination in the samples. The samples of soil and grass were collected from each location 100m away from the edge of roads at every 25m. The levels of lead were found to be 125mg/kg to 87mg/kg respectively in soil and grass. Hence there is high accumulation of lead in roadside soil and vegetation of linking roads of highly populated cities of Pakistan, Faisalabad and Lahore.

Rumex dentatus is an important crop plant weed and also serves as medicinal plant through out the world. Present study was conducted to access the genetic variability and association among morphological traits of Rumex dentatus under four different locations. The results indicated that the fresh plant weight was significant related with dry weight and moisture contents/percentage in Rumex dentatus plants. The location 3 serves as the best place for growth and development of Rumex dentatus. Hence, it was suggested that the growth and development of Rumex dentatus should be controlled through proper techniques to reduce yield losses in crop plants.

Euphorbia helioscopia is a weed plant that grow in the filed of cop plants and caused yield losses through competition for water, mineral salts and nutrients. It is also grown as medicinal plant to extract various drugs. Prescribed study was conducted to access the genetic variability for morphological traits of Euphorbia helioscopia under four different locations/environmental conditions. It was found that the higher and better performance was predicted under location 4 a compared with other locations. Higher and significant correlation was recorded between fresh weight, leaf area and plant height. Regression analysis predicted that higher contributing traits were fresh inflorescence weight and dry weight. It was suggested from results that the plant population of Euphorbia helioscopia should be controlled to minimize yield losses in crop plants.

Convulvularis arvensis is an important weed found in wheat, maize, rice, sugarcane and cotton growing fields. It caused major yield losses in crop plants through competition for water, minerals and nutrients. Prescribed study was conducted to evaluate Convulvularis arvensis for it morphological traits under five different environmental locations. It was found that there was a positive and significant correlation among most of the study traits, fresh plant weight, plant length, leaf length, leaf width leaf area and moisture percentage. The highly contributing trait for fresh weight was found as plant dry weight. From GGE biplot it was found that the location 4 was highly suitable place for better growth and development of Convulvularis arvensis plants. It was suggested that the timely removal or control of Convulvularis arvensis is much necessary to minimize the yield losses of crop plants.

Weeds are the plants that grow at all of the unwanted places. The plant population of weeds have to be controlled to reduce competition among crop plants and weeds. The prescribed study was conducted to evaluate Cirsium arvense growth under different locations/environmental conditions. The results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation among fresh weight, dry weight, plant height, fresh inflorescence weight, moisture contents and leaf area which shows similar findings from stepwise linear regression. GGE biplot showed location 4 as most favourable place for smooth growth and development of Cirsium arvense. It was suggested that the plant population of Cirsium arvense should be controlled through manual, chemical strategies while the use of transgenic crop plants (resistant to glyphosate) may be an advantage to control weeds