Biogenic synthesis of gold (Au), silver (Ag) and bimetallic alloy Au-Ag nanoparticles (NPs) from aqueous solutions using Cannabis sativa as reducing and stabilising agent has been presented in this report. Formation of NPs was monitored using UV-visible spectroscopy. Morphology of the synthesised metallic and bimetallic NPs was investigated using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Elemental composition and the surface chemical state of NPs were confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy was utilised to identify the possible biomolecules responsible for the reduction and stabilisation of the NPs. Biological applicability of biosynthesised NPs was tested against five bacterial strains namely Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Leishmania major promastigotes. The results showed considerable antibacterial and anti-leishmanial activity. The Au-Ag bimetallic NPs showed improved antibacterial activity against B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa as compared to Au and Ag alone, while maximum anti-leishmanial activity was observed at 250 μg ml −1 NP concentration. These results suggest that biosynthesised NPs can be used as potent antibiotic and anti-leishmanial agents.
Blockchain is an emerging field of study in a number of applications and domains. Especially when combine with Internet of Things (IoT) this become truly transformative, opening up new plans of action, improving engagement and revolutionizing many sectors including agriculture. IoT devices are intelligent and have high critical capabilities but low-powered and have less storage, and face many challenges when used in isolation. Maintaining the network and consuming IoT energy by means of redundant or fabricated data transfer lead to consumption of high energy and reduce the life of IoT network. Therefore, an appropriate routing scheme should be in place to ensure consistency and energy efficiency in an IoT network. This research proposes an efficient routing scheme by integrating IoT with Blockchain for distributed nodes which work in a distributed manner to use the communicating links efficiently. The proposed protocol uses smart contracts within heterogeneous IoT networks to find a route to Base Station (BS). Each node can ensure route from an IoT node to sink then base station and permits IoT devices to collaborate during transmission. The proposed routing protocol removes redundant data and blocks IoT architecture attacks and leads to lower consumption of energy and improve the life of network. The performance of this scheme is compared with our existing scheme IoT-based Agriculture and LEACH in Agriculture. Simulation results show that integrating IoT with Blockchain scheme is more efficient, uses low energy, improves throughput and enhances network lifetime.
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