This study examines the extent to which women's education affects long-term economic growth in the Asia Pacific region. It focuses on the time period between 1990 and 2010, using data collected in randomly selected Asia Pacific countries: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. In addition, it emphasizes the impact of female education on economic growth as measured by GDP, literacy, fertility, and the female labor force. Using panel regression analysis, it is found that the fertility rate, female labor force participation rate and female primary school enrollment are significant factors for annual per capita income growth.

No abstract

No abstract

This paper explores the dynamic relationships between gold prices and selected financial indicators (such as prices, inflation rate, deposit interest rate, exchange rate, and the Istanbul Stock Exchange National 100 index) in Turkey between the 2000-2019 period using the Fourier Toda-Yamamoto causality tests. Firstly, the ADF unit root test is applied to examine the stationary of the variables. Then Gregory-Hansen and Arai-Kurozumi cointegration tests, the Dynamic Least Squares (DOLS) approach, are employed to determine the coefficient size and direction of the variables. The findings reveal that the relationship between the inflation rate and the BIST100 index is positive and significant, while the relationship between interest rates is negative and significant. Also, the relationship between exchange rates is negative and insignificant in the study. Additionally, the impacts of the global economic crisis of 2008, which is used as a dummy variable in the study, on gold prices in Turkey are found to be positive and significant. This study indicates that gold is the safe haven for investors from 2000 to 2019 in Turkey. The findings of this paper might contribute both to investors in Turkey and future research on the determination of gold prices.

The civil war in Syria resulted in the displacement of 5.7 million civilians between 2011 and 2018. Approximately four million of these civilians started to live in Turkey as refugees trying to integrate themselves into the labor market. The present research is a case study regarding the obstacles faced by Syrian refugee women’s access to the labor market in Şanlıurfa, Turkey. To this end, a survey was carried out on a population of 341 migrants under a temporary protection regime comprising 207 women. The results obtained indicate numerous problems and show the needs of Syrian women. For example, Turkish language fluency and low education and skill levels are among the largest barriers for employment. Moreover, the opacity of bureaucratic procedures and non-computerized work permit applications are shown to be another slowing factor in this process. Compared with their home countries, Syrian women are more active in Turkey. However, a majority is involved in precarious and seasonal jobs. The problems of childcare and the feudal (male-dominated) nature of many homes deter Syrian women from contributing economically, and despite being a generally young population, most hold seasonal jobs, which leave little opportunity for career development. It is recommended that, to overcome structural barriers in accessing the labor market, Syrian refugee women need long-term training rather than restrictive policies.