Introduction:Monoclonal antibody is an antibody that is specific for one antigen and is produced by a B-cell hybridoma. Hybridoma technology has been replaced by recombinant DNA technology and transgenic method (mice, plant and chickens). Once monoclonal antibodies for a given substance have been produced, they can be used to detect the presence and quantity of this substance and so monoclonal antibody has many diagnostic applications. Aim of the work:To clarify the new methods for production of monoclonal antibodies and application of monoclonal antibodies in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Conclusion:Hybridoma technology has been replaced by recombinant DNA technology and transgenic method (mice, plant and chickens). Once monoclonal antibodies for a given substance have been produced, they can be used to detect the presence and quantity of this substance and so monoclonal antibody has many diagnostic applications as in the analysis of cell surface and secreted molecules like CD molecules identification and identification of transcription factor FOXP3. Also, they have a role in the molecular genomics to identify the susceptible genes that predispose to development of autoimmune thyroid diseases.

Background: Ultrasonography (US) is an imaging technique that proved to be useful for the assessment of articular and periarticular structures in different rheumatic diseases. The use of the US for ankle and foot usually requires a linear high-frequency transducer; a 7.5 to 15 MHz probe is commonly used. This study aimed to evaluate ankle joint affection in active Rheumatoid arthritis and its value in the assessment of disease activity by using the US, and its correlation to disease duration, sex, and age. Methods: A total of 63 patients with Rheumatoid arthritis according to the 2010 ACR/EULAR classification criteria. 20 age and sex-matched control volunteers were included. Evaluation of disease activity by DAS-28. US examination of both ankles was done for patients and controls. High-frequency US with a 12 MHZ linear probe was used. Results: Our results show that ankle synovitis was found significantly higher among RA patients (18.3%) compared to controls (2.5%); p-value = 0.013. although tenosynovitis and erosions were higher among cases (27% and 8.7%; respectively) than controls (15% and 0%; respectively); the differences were non-significant. We found that ankle affection as seen by the US was significantly related to the activity of RA. Patients with higher DAS-28 scores were more like to have ankle affection and also to have bilateral ankle affection; both with significant differences. Conclusion: It can be stated that ankle evaluation by the US should be considered more in RA assessment, and further studies should be done to uncover the underestimation of ankle involvement in RA patients.

Autoimmune disorders represent various clusters of sicknesses portrayed by cell and humoral reactions against self. The humoral immune system reactions are coordinated against differed segments inside the cell and outside the cell. Immune system infections, for example, fundamental lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatic inflammatory disease, foundational sclerosis, and antineutrophil cellular material protein-related general vasculitis, are more often than not over the span of the frequency of non-organ-explicit autoantibodies. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) may be a term for an outsized and heterogeneous cluster of current antibody. reflective the important uses, ANA is utilized for diagnosing or criteria for lupus, foundational Sclerosis, blended connective tissue infection and undifferentiated connective tissue ailment. ANA has been determined by indirect immunofluorescence measure (IIFA) for quite a long time. Elective procedures were created testing the exemplary IIFA as the interest for ANA testing expanded. These stages vary in their antigen profiles, affectability, and particularity, raising vulnerabilities with respect to institutionalization and elucidation of incongruent outcomes.

*background:Diabetes is a well-established independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Compared with non-diabetic individuals, diabetic patients have 2 to 4 times increased risk for stroke and death from heart disease. *aim:-Studying the relationship between cardiometabolic index and severity of diabetes. *patients&methods: Cross sectional stydy, was carried out in the Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of medicine, Sohag university hospital, on 200 patients known to have type 2 diabetes mellitus the outpatient diabetic clinic, in addition to 100 healthy individuals with the mean age as it was 53 years in all groups. *results: In our study group 2 (diabetic obese) showed the worst values for both lipid profile and HbA1c, followed by group 1 (diabetic non obese) and group 3 (controls) showed the best figures. Also BMI was much higher among group 2 (diabetic obese) compared to both groups 1 and 3. *conclusion:Dyslipidemia increases the risk of CVD in type-2 diabetic patients. Yifen Liu, Prasanna Rao-Balakrishna, Rayaz et al.2016). Adiposity, defined by higher cardiometabolic index (CMI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and body adiposity index (BAI), has conferred increased metabolic risk. (Haoyu Wang , Yintao Chen et al 2018). The ratio of triglycerides to HDL-C (TG/HDL-C ratio) has been proposed to be a good discriminator for cardiovascular risk , also (TG/HDL-C) has been shown to be associated with insulin resistance (McLaughlin et al., PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com SOHAG MEDICAL JOURNAL The "cardiometabolic index" as a new marker determined by adiposity Vol. 22 No.

Background. Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death for women, a third of women are diagnosed with breast cancer at a late stage when the disease has a poor prognosis. Serum tumor markers have been widely used as noninvasive tools for measuring treatment response, early diagnosis of recurrence and predicting prognosis. In breast cancer, the most widely used serum tumor markers are cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The aim of this study was to investigate the association of serum CA15-3 and CEA levels with clinicopathological parameters in patients diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Patients and methods. This retrospective study was conducted on 50 patients who had used to predict response to chemotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer. The concentration of serum CA15-3 and CEA levels were measured using chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassays (ABBOTT ARCHITECT). The upper limits of normal for CA15-3 and CEA were 31.3 U/ml and 5 ng/ml, respectively. Result. Of the 50 patients, elevated CA 15-3 and CEA levels at initial diagnosis of recurrence were identified in 37 (74%) and 32 (64%) patients, respectively. Elevated CA 15-3 and CEA levels were significantly associated with breast cancer molecular subtypes (P=0.005 and P=0.008, respectively). Elevated CA 15-3 level was correlated with bone metastasis (P=0.047). Conclusion. CA 15-3 and CEA level elevation at initial diagnosis of recurrence were found to be associated with breast cancer molecular subtype; these serum tumor markers are frequently increased in the HER2-enriched and triple negative (TN) molecular subtypes of breast cancer.