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White clover could be a good candidate for protein production purpose in a biorefinery due to its high extractable protein content per kg DM. In order to maximise the protein production capacity, harvest should take place during early growth due to a decline in protein extractability with maturity. The final economy of the concept will depend on the value of the fibre after extraction of the protein. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

In this study, Nigella sativa L. seeds were extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) and Soxhlet. Chemical characteristics, fatty acid composition, antioxidant activity and thymoquinone content of N. sativa L. extracts obtained through different methods were investigated and compared. It was revealed that antioxidant activity and thymoquinone content could be significantly different for SC-CO2 and Soxhlet extracts. The results for fatty acid composition indicated that linoleic acid, palmitic acid and oleic acid were the main fatty acids in both extracts. The SC-CO2 extraction could provide an extract with higher quality and antioxidant activity compared to Soxhlet extraction method and can be considered a more appropriate method for attaining a high-quality extract.

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