This study was designed to assess the effects of Ziziphus jujube fruit (ZJF) infusion on lipid profiles, glycaemic control and antioxidant status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 116 participants with T2DM (older than 30 years) were assigned to consume a balanced diet or diet plus ZJF infusion (10 g/100 mL boiling water) three times/day before main meals for 12 weeks. Diet was designed to be energy restricted (500 kcal/day deficit from estimated energy requirements), and macronutrient content was similar in both groups (55% carbohydrate, 15% protein and 30% fat). The consumption of ZJF infusion compared with the control group was associated with significant improvement in glycosylated haemoglobin (-0.68 ± 0.65 vs. -0.44 ± 0.55%; p = 0.03), total cholesterol (-24.29 ± 28.89 vs. -11.21 ± 29.98 mg/dL; p = 0.02), triglycerides (-43.3 ± 39.26 vs. -27.16 ± 46.84 mg/dL; p = 0.05), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-19.85 ± 27.62 vs. -6.55 ± 27.82 mg/dL; p = 0.01), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-0.56 ± 0.80 vs. -0.2 ± 0.72; p = 0.01) and total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratios (-0.73 ± 0.94 vs. -0.35 ± 0.77; p = 0.02). ZJF had beneficial effects on glycosylated haemoglobin and lipid profile in T2DM patients. Further research is needed to identify the mechanism of ZJF action on glucose and lipid metabolism. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Background This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to investigate the effect of cinnamon on body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist–hip ratio (WHR), and body fat mass including the maximum number of studies. Methods Medline, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane library were searched with no limitation from inception up to August 2019 for relevant randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs). The RCTs' risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane collaboration's tool. Random‐effects model was used for meta‐analysis. Results Twenty‐one RCTs with 1,480 participants were included. The meta‐analysis showed that cinnamon supplementation significantly reduces BMI [weighted mean difference (WMD) = −0.40 kg/m2, 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.57, −0.22 kg/m2, p < .001, I2 = 78.9%], body weight (WMD = −0.92 kg; 95% CI: −1.51, −0.33 kg; p = .002; I2 = 84.2%), and WHR (WMD = −0.02, 95% CI: −0.038, −0.018; p < 0.001; I2 = 0%). Cinnamon supplementation did not significantly affect the WC (WMD = −1.76 cm, 95% CI: −3.57, −0.045 cm; p = .056; I2 = 90.8%) and body fat mass (WMD = −0.87%, 95% CI: −1.87, 0.025%; p = .057; I2 = 78.6%). Conclusion Cinnamon supplementation significantly reduces body weight, BMI, and WHR. Future high‐quality long‐term RCTs are recommended to confirm these results.

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Background Exercise and weight loss diets are two independent non-pharmaceutical strategies used to improve several aspects of body composition and health. We plan to systematically review controlled clinical trials investigating weight loss diets alone compared to weight loss diets in conjunction with exercise on energy intake, body weight, body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors, sex hormones, and mental health. Methods and analysis PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, ISI (Web of Science), Scopus, and Google Scholar will be searched to retrieve potential controlled clinical trials investigating the effects of exercise in conjunction with weight loss diets compared with weight loss diets alone on energy intake, body weight and composition (fat mass, fat-free mass), anthropometrics (waist circumference), cardiometabolic markers, sex hormones [testosterone, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)], liver and kidney enzymes (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), uric acid, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), quality of life, and depression in adults. The weighted mean difference (WMD) and its corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) will be derived using random effects model. Several subgroup analyses based on follow-up duration, the health status of the participants, the diet used for weight loss, the exercise protocol, participants’ sex, and other possible variables will be conducted to explore possible sources of heterogeneity. Publication bias will be explored by inspecting funnel plots and by conducting asymmetry tests. Overall quality of the evidence will be assessed by using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) tool. Discussion We envisage that this systematic review and meta-analysis will provide valuable information regarding the effectiveness of adding exercise to weight loss diets. No primary data is going to be collected; therefore, ethical approval is not required. The resulting manuscripts will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and at international and national conferences. Systematic review registration The study protocol is registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, Registration ID: CRD42020173434).

Several studies have examined the association between CD36 rs1761667 polymorphism with cardiometabolic risk factors and metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study aimed to investigate the interactions between rs1761667 polymorphism and dietary patterns on the cardiometabolic risk factors and the risk of MetS in apparently healthy individuals aged 20-70 years. Food consumption data were acquired using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis. CD36 rs1761667 was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The gene-diet interaction was detected by the general linear model or logistic regression. Significant or marginally significant interactions were observed between healthy dietary pattern (HDP) and CD36 rs1761667 on weight (P=0.006), BMI (P=0.009), waist circumference (P=0.005), hip circumference (P=0.06), body muscle percentage (P=0.02), body fat percentage (P=0.09), triglyceride-glucose index (P=0.057), atherogenic index of plasma (P=0.07), the risk of MetS (P=0.02), risk of abdominal obesity (P=0.02), and elevated blood pressure (P=0.07). Besides, a gene-diet interaction was detected between the traditional dietary pattern (TDP) and rs1761667 variants on odds of hypertriglyceridemia (P=0.02). The adherence to HDP was associated with a lower weight, BMI, and higher odds of HDL-C only in A-allele carriers. In conclusion, adherence to HDP (a diet with high fiber, fish, and dairy products) can be more effective on some cardiometabolic risk factors and risk of MetS components in the A-allele carrier than the GG genotype of rs1761667 polymorphism. However, future studies are required to shed light on this issue.