No abstract

The discipline of International Relations is increasingly paying attention to nationalism, although this attention is mostly limited with the role of nationalism on international system. By presenting an approach born out of the intersection of Historical Sociology in International Relations (HSIR) and the Modernist School of Nationalism, this paper aims at expanding the terrain of nationalism studies in International Relations (IR). Using Iran as an example, it demonstrates that three basic premises of HSIR-the interaction between domestic and international dynamics, historicization, and multi-causality-are central to analysing nationalism, which is only associated with the domestic level. It argues that HSIR has much to offer not only to studies of nationalism and/in the Middle East but also to the discipline of IR by elucidating the international connections of this seemingly domestic issue.

Health literacy is the skill (social and cognitive) that determines the motivation and ability of the person to receive, understand and use information in order to improve and maintain good health. Communication between patients and pharmacist is essential for optimal patient safety.Objectives: To highlight the importance and present the results of conducted research and to give recommendations for improving the health literacy among patients and pharmacists' communication skills. MethOds: The study was conducted in June 2013 in 5 selected branches of pharmacy-chain "Zdravlje Pharm" in Bijeljina, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The sample consisted of 219 patients selected randomly, of whom 195 accepted the survey, and 24 rejected to participate. The instrument was previously validated and adjusted questionnaire of Pharmacy Zrenjanin, Serbia, related to patient satisfaction with pharmacy services, but also conceived needs of the thesis, with 32 close-type questions, except one. Health literacy of patients and communication with pharmacists were followed. The analysis was done in Excel, and the results are given in tables and graphs. Results: About 90% of patients reported that pharmacists give clear information during consultations and the advices helped them. A total of 65% reported to easily remember the information from the pharmacists, which shows a good level of patient health literacy; but the rest can have uncertain outcomes of the therapy and be exposed to greater safety risks. cOnclusiOns: There is a place for improvement of aspects which can contribute to better patient safety. That can be achieved by applying certification standards throughout the health care system in the Republic of Srpska.

This study explores the reconstruction of Iranian national identity during the Mohammad Reza Shah era (1953 to 1979). Drawing on materials collected from the memoirs and statements of the Shah and the key actors of the era and using Historical Sociology in International Relations as its theoretical backbone, it aims to unravel the constitutive role of the international on the formation of Iranian state nationalism. It argues that in order to understand the meaning attached to being Iranian, we should look into the specifics of international- domestic interaction, as Iranian national identity has been framed and re-framed by the Shah alongside the changing dynamics born out of specific interaction between the domestic and international dynamics. The Shah’s interpretation of Iranian identity emerged and evolved at the intersection of his endeavours for gaining legitimacy against the legacy of Mosaddeq and his popular nationalism at the domestic level and for reclaiming the actorness of Iran during the Cold War at the international level. Playing inwards and outwards, the Shah sought to deconstruct the content of Iranian nationalism articulated by Mosaddeq and to give a new meaning to Iranian nationalism. Serving as the ideological glue of his state building, it was characterized by a strong belief in the rapid industrialization, emphasis on unity rather than diversity, uniqueness of Iranian identity vis-à-vis the East and the West, and presentation of the Shah as the real and moral representative of the Iranian people.

OBJECTIVES: Anastomotic Leakage (AL) is a serious complication that may follow colorectal resection, increasing overall costs. The aim of this study was to assess the additional inpatient economic burden of AL at one Italian hospital. METHODS: 317 patients who underwent colorectal resection between January 2015 and December 2016 in Policlinico Universitario Campus Biomedico were included in this retrospective cohort study. For each patient, baseline demographics, clinical characteristics, healthcare resource utilization and costs were extracted from the hospital's database. The primary endpoint was inpatient costs. Bivariate comparisons were conducted between patients with and without AL using Chi square tests for categorical outcomes and t-tests or Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous outcomes. RESULTS: Mean (SD) age in the cohort was 66.7 (13.2) years and 51.8% of patients were male. 79.5% of patients had malignant disease and 58.9% had an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score of 2/6. More patients had laparoscopic surgery (72.6%) compared to open, in 23% of cases derivative stoma was made during the primary operation. 39 patients (12.3%) developed AL during hospital stay. When compared to patients without AL, more AL patients were male (71.8% vs 51.8%), more had cancer (92.3% vs 77.7%) and more had a derivative stoma (20.5% vs. 9.9%). Age, surgery approach, are similar in two groups. In the bivariate analysis, patients with AL had significantly higher total inpatient costs (V14,781.8 vs V7,110.8, p<0.001), higher LOS (20.1 vs 10.3 days, p<0.001) and ICU admissions (38.5% vs 9.0%, p<0.001) relative to patients without AL. CONCLUSIONS: AL increases the inpatient costs 2 times in this Italian hospital. Reducing AL may improve quality of care and substantially reduce hospital costs while increasing the efficiency of resource utilization.