capacity of the modified oxide reaches 320 mAh g -1 in the initial cycle, 94.5% of which remains after 100 cycles. More importantly, the average discharge potential drops only by 136 mV in this process. Our findings illustrate the importance of inactivating the surface oxygen in suppressing the cation mixing in the bulk, providing an effective strategy for designing high-performance Li-rich cathode materials.

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The development of lithium metal batteries is hindered by the low Coulombic efficiency and poor cycling stability of the metallic lithium. The introduction of consumptive LiNO3 as an additive can improve the cycling stability, but its low solubility in the carbonate electrolytes makes this strategy impractical for long-term cycling. Herein we propose LiNO3 as a cosalt in the LiPF6–LiNO3 dual-salt electrolyte to enhance the cycling stability of lithium plating/stripping. Competitions among the components and the resultant substitution of NO3 – for PF6 – in the solvation shell facilitate the formation of a Li3N-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film and suppress the LiPF6 decomposition. The highly Li+ conductive and stable SEI film effectively tailors the lithium nucleation, suppresses the formation of lithium dendrites, and improves the cycling performance. The competitive solvation has profound importance for the design of a complex electrolyte to meet the multiple requirements of secondary lithium batteries.