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ISES Solar World CongressAbu Dhabi • Introduction of subordinate standard spectra • Evaluation of applicability for Photovoltaic (PV), Concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV) and Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) • Recommendation for ISO 9845 update •ISO 9845-1:1992. Solar energy --Reference solar spectral irradiance at the ground at different receiving conditions --Part 1: Direct normal and hemispherical solar irradiance for air mass 1,5 DLR.de • Slide 2 Content Standard spectra exist (IEC 60904 / ASTM G173 / ISO 9845)• IEC/ASTM: GTI 37° tilt and DNI for clear, cloudless atmosphere, air mass 1.5 & sea level derived with SMARTS• IEC/ASTM spectra remain THE standard spectra (will be adapted by ISO 9845)• These main spectra are & stay obligatory e.g. for efficiency rating of PV However, additional subordinate standard spectra would be useful. Expectations:• Subordinate standard spectra can represent sites with average atmospheric conditions different from those of IEC spectra better • Efficiency derived from appropriate subordinate spectra for such sites more accurate than from IEC spectra DLR.de • Slide 3

Three typical models of Liu and Jordon's isotropic (extended by Klein), Hay's anisotropic model and Reindl's anisotropic model to estimate monthly-average daily total radiation on vertical surfaces with azimuth form -90° to 90° are investigated by detail. Based on the measurement of global, beam, diffused, and ground reflected radiation on the horizontal surfaces, total radiation on south-facing, east-facing and westfacing vertical surfaces for Beijing (39°48'N and 116°28'E) during the whole year (March of 2010 to February of 2011), the objective in this investigation is to perform a statistical comparison, such as, mean bias error (MBE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) , correlation factor(CORR), to recommend one that is applicable for estimating the solar radiation on vertical surface and optimization design of building photovoltaic system for Beijing.

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Radiation observation data are important basic data for assessment and research of climate change and solar energy resources. Quality control of radiation observation data is an important guarantee for accurate and reliable observation. First, the global radiation data collection method and the quality control process are introduced, and the differences and similarities between different quality control standards are compared in detail. Then, the quality control contents of the upper and lower limits and the rate of change are analysed theoretically and verified by experiments. Theoretical analysis and experimental results showed that the lower limit of the global radiation irradiance quality control should be −20 W/m 2 , the upper limit should be 2221 W/m 2 or based on solar position, and the wrong change rate of sampling value should be 1000 W/m 2 . Through the unification of the global radiation quality control standards, the difference caused by the inconsistent quality control methods can be avoided, thus improving the effectiveness of the radiation observation data and ensuring the accuracy and consistency of the radiation observation data.