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The use of electronic cigarettes by young people has increased exponentially in the past decade due to various health and social influences. E-cigarettes, particularly those containing nicotine, can cause health complications and addiction, which may result in a subsequent initiation of psychoactive substance use. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the prospective association between e-cigarette use and subsequent use of psychoactive substances in young people aged 10-24 years. Pooling of data from the identified longitudinal studies showed that ever e-cigarette users had a higher risk for subsequent cannabis, alcohol, and unprescribed Ritalin/Adderall use compared to never e-cigarette users. The findings indicate a need for interventions to reduce e-cigarette use in adolescents and young adults.

BackgroundLeadership is a critical skill required of a doctor and is necessary for clinical and organisational development. Literature suggests that newly qualified doctors are not prepared for the leadership roles and responsibilities that they need to undertake in clinical practice. The opportunities to develop the necessary skillset should be available in undergraduate medical training and throughout a doctor’s professional advancement. Various frameworks and guidance for a core leadership curriculum have been designed, but data on their integration in undergraduate medical education in the UK are minimal.MethodsThis systematic review collates and qualitatively analyses studies that have implemented and evaluated a leadership teaching intervention in undergraduate medical training in the UK.ResultsThere are various approaches to teaching leadership in medical school, differing in mode of delivery and evaluation. Feedback on the interventions revealed that students gained insight into leadership and honed their skills.ConclusionsThe long-term effectiveness of the described leadership interventions in preparing newly qualified doctors cannot be conclusively determined. The implications for future research and practice are also provided in this review.