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Surgery is the treatment of choice for treatment of human cystic echinococcosis/ hydatidosis which is one of the most important parasitic zoonoses worldwide. Due to the risk of cyst rupture during surgery a protoscolicidal agent is usually injected into the cyst before surgery to prevent secondary cyst formation in case of cyst rupture. Due to the side effects of chemical protoscolicidals agents attempts has been focused on herbal medicine.In this regard, Allium sativum has already been used; however, the protoscolicidal effect of Allium hirtifolium from Allium family has not been investigated, so far.

The present study was conducted in order to assess the protoscolicidal effect of methanolic extract of Allium hirtifolium in different concentrations, temperature and exposure times. Cetrimide as positive control, and DMSO as negative control, were also used in this study. The viability of protoscoleces was determined by 0.1% eosin staining method.

The protoscolicidal effect of Allium hirtifolium on protoscoleces was as follows: The mean percent and standard deviation (SD) of protoscolecidal activity of 50 mg/ml concentration of Allium hirtifolium extract in room temperature at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 minutes of exposure was 5.88.

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Children are extremely liable to indoor air pollutants as their physiology and a few metabolic pathways are different from those of adults. The present cross-sectional study aimed to assess exposure of children living with parents who use hookah tobacco smoke to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using a biomonitoring approach. The study was conducted on 25 children (7–13 years of age) exposed to hookah smoke at home and 25 unexposed age-matched children. Urinary levels of five metabolites of PAHs were quantified via headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured, as well. Information regarding the sociodemographic and lifestyle conditions was collected through interviews using managed questionnaires. The urinary 1-OH-NaP and 9-OH-Phe concentrations were respectively 1.7- and 4.6-folds higher in the case samples compared to the control group ( p < 0.05). In addition, urinary MDA levels were 1.4 times higher in the exposed children than in the unexposed group, but the difference was not statistically significant ( p > 0.05). Increasing the consumption of grilled and meat food in the diet increased the participants’ urinary 2-OH-Flu and 1-OH-Pyr levels, respectively. Moreover, sleeping in the living room instead of the bedroom at night was a significant predictor of high 1-OH-NaP and 2-OH-NaP concentrations in the children’s urine. Overall, the findings confirmed that children living in their homes with hookah-smoking parents were significantly exposed to naphthalene and phenanthrene. Hence, implementing protective measures is critical to reduce the exposure of this group of children. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-022-20589-0.