Objective:There is some evidence indicating that histopathological changes in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) emerge before onset of microalbuminuria. The aim of our study was to determine whether urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels can be considered as an early sign of diabetic kidney injury.Methods:Urine NGAL (uNGAL) levels and urinary NGAL/creatinine ratio (uNGAL/Cr) were assessed in 76 patients with T1DM and compared with the findings of 35 healthy individuals. The relationship of uNGAL levels with diabetes duration, body mass index (BMI), serum lipids, HbA1c, and microalbuminuria was also evaluated.Results:Mean uNGAL (100.16±108.28 ng/mL) and uNGAL/Cr (118.93-117.97 ng/mg) levels in both microalbuminuric and non-microalbuminuric diabetic patients were found to be higher than those in the control group (uNGAL: 21.46±18.59 ng/mL and uNGAL/Cr: 32.1±51.48 ng/mg) (p=0.0001).Conclusion:Urine NGAL level increases in the very early phase of T1DM before microalbuminuria develops. The patients with T1DM should be considered to have diabetic kidney injury from the time of diagnosis on and preventive interventions need to be initiated at an early stage to preclude the progression to end-stage renal disease.

Background Compared with the general population, the immune response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines is lower in adult kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). However, data is limited for pediatric KTRs. In this study, we aimed to assess humoral and cellular immune responses to the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in pediatric KTRs. Methods This multicenter, prospective, case-control study included 63 KTRs (37 male, aged 12-21 years), 19 dialysis patients, and 19 controls. Humoral (anti-SARS-CoV2 IgG, neutralizing Ab (nAb)) and cellular (interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA)) immune responses were assessed at least one month after two doses of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Results Among COVID-19 naïve KTRs (n = 46), 76.1% tested positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, 54.3% for nAb, and 63% for IGRA. Serum levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and nAb activity were significantly lower in KTRs compared to dialysis and control groups (p < 0.05 for all). Seropositivity in KTRs was independently associated with shorter transplant duration (p = 0.005), and higher eGFR (p = 0.007). IGRA titer was significantly lower than dialysis patients (p = 0.009). Twenty (43.4%) KTRs were positive for all immune parameters. Only four of 11 seronegative KTRs were IGRA-positive. COVID-19 recovered KTRs had significantly higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and nAb activity levels than COVID-19 naïve KTRs (p = 0.018 and p = 0.007, respectively). Conclusions The humoral and cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine are lower in pediatric KTRs compared to dialysis patients. Further prospective studies are required to demonstrate the clinical efficacy of the mRNA vaccine in KTRs. This prospective study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05465863, registered retrospectively at 20.07.2022).

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Background Automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) is increasingly preferred worldwide. By using a software application (Homechoice with Claria sharesource system (CSS)) with a mod-M added to the APD device, details of the home dialysis treatment become visible for PD nurses and physicians, allowing for close supervision. We aimed to evaluate the perceptions of patients/caregivers, PD nurses, and physicians about the advantages and disadvantages of CSS. Methods Three different web-based questionnaires for patients/caregivers, nurses, and physicians were sent to 15 pediatric nephrology centers with more than 1 year of experience with CSS. Results Respective questionnaires were answered by 30 patients/caregivers, 22 pediatric nephrologists, and 15 PD nurses. Most of the nurses and physicians (87% and 73%) reported that CSS improved patient monitoring. A total of 73% of nurses suggested that CCS is not well known by physicians, while half of them reported reviewing CSS data for all patients every morning. Sixty-eight percent of physicians thought that CSS helps save time for both patients/caregivers and healthcare providers by reducing visits. However, only 20% of patients/caregivers reported reduced hospital visits. A total of 90% of patients/caregivers reported that being under constant monitoring made them feel safe, and 83% stated that the patient’s sleep quality improved. Conclusions A remote monitoring APD system, CSS, can be successfully applied with children for increased adherence to dialysis prescription by giving shared responsibility and may help increase the patient’s quality of life. This platform is more commonly used by nurses than physicians. Its potential benefits should be evaluated in further well-designed clinical studies with larger patient groups. Graphical abstract A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information . Supplementary Information The online version contains a graphical abstract available at 10.1007/s00467-022-05563-9.