Salmonella is an important zoonotic microorganism and the most isolated among food-borne infections across the world, including Türkiye. The detection and identification of common serovars circulating in Türkiye can present very useful data in the fight against Salmonella, which threatens both animal and human health. This study aimed to determine the distribution and diversity of Salmonella serovars isolated from the samples sent to Bacteriological Diagnosis Laboratory of the Veterinary Control Central Research Institute. The serotyping results of a total of 1,047 Salmonella spp. strains isolated between 2015 and 2020 were retrospectively evaluated. After confirming that the samples isolated were Salmonella spp. according to ISO 6579, identification at the species level was carried out by serotyping with the slide agglutination test. A total of 19 serogroups and 75 Salmonella serovars were detected. The most commonly isolated Salmonella serovar was Salmonella Infantis (40.5%), followed by Salmonella Enteritidis (12.9%), Salmonella Abony (4.3%), Salmonella Kentucky (4.2%), Salmonella Typhimurium (4%), Salmonella Liverpool (2.4%), and other serovars (31.3%). The most commonly identified serogroups were C1 (48.2%), D1 (14.4%), B (12.4%), C3 (7.8%), and E4 (4.2%). According to animal species, the most common serovar was Salmonella Infantis in chickens, Salmonella Montevideo in calves, Salmonella Darle in tortoises, Salmonella Typhimurium in lamb and Salmonella Hessarek in wild birds.
Bu çalışmada, 2015-2019 yılları arasında Veteriner Kontrol Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Su Ürünleri Hastalıkları Araştırma ve Teşhis Laboratuvarı’na gönderilen balık örneklerinden izole edilen bakteriyel etkenlerin dağılımı ve bu etkenlerin de bölgesel ve aylara göre dağılımı incelendi. Bu süreçte laboratuvara gönderilen balık örneklerinden etken izolasyonu ve identifikasyonu, konvansiyonel yöntemler ve hızlı teşhis kitleri (Vitek 2) kullanılarak gerçekleştirildi. Çalışmada 60 adet balık örneği incelendi ve bunların 27’sinde bakteriyel etken izole edildi. İzole edilen etkenlerin dağılımının; Aeromonas sobria (%23,3), Aeromonas hydrophila (%6,7), Shewanella putrefaciens (%5), Aeromonas veroni (%3,3), Serratia rubidaea (%1,7), Kocuria rhizophila (%1,7 ), Streptococcus iniae (%1,7 ), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (%1,7 ) ve Proteus spp. (%1,7 ) oranında olduğu belirlendi. Elde edilen sonuçlar göre; 2015-2019 yılları arasında balıklardan en fazla izole edilen etkenin Aeromonas sobria olduğu görüldü. Yine balıklardan izole edilen bakteriyel etkenlerin bölgesel ve aylara göre dağılımı incelendiğinde; bu etkenlerin en yaygın Haziran, Ağustos, Eylül, Ekim aylarında ve Ankara, Bolu, Kastamonu illerinde görüldüğü belirlendi.
Antijenler vücuda mukozal alanlardan girer. Enfeksiyonlar mukozalarda oluşur ve yayılır. Mukozal lenfoid dokular (MALT), spesifik ve nonspesifik bağışıklığı birlikte uyararak antijenleri giriş yerinde yok ederler ve antijenin yayılmasını engeller. Kanatlı hayvanlar sindirim (GALT), solunum (Harderian bez, CALT, NALT, BALT) ve genital sistemde bulunan mukozal lenfoid dokuları ile gelişmiş bir mukozal bağışıklık sistemine sahiptir. Ancak kanatlı hayvanların mukozal lenfoid dokularının özellikleri ve savunma mekanizmalarına dair sınırlı bilgi vardır. Bu derleme kanatlı hayvanlarda bulunan mukozal lenfoid dokuları birlikte sunarak enfeksiyonların önlenmesindeki rolüne ve yeni mukozal aşı stratejileri geliştirilmesine katkıda bulunacaktır.
American foulbrood is one of the most dangerous brood diseases, resulting in huge economic losses for the beekeeping industry on a global scale. The causative agent is Gram-positive, spore-forming Paenibacillus larvae. This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the yearly and seasonal distribution of P. larvae isolated from American foulbrood specimens sent to the Bacteriological Diagnosis Laboratory of the Veterinary Control Central Research Institute in Turkey from 2015 to 2020. The presence of P. larvae was investigated in the samples obtained from honeycombs with and without larvae and honeybees using conventional methods. Among the total 159 samples examined, P. larvae was identified in 49 (30.8%). According to the results, for the 2015-2020 period, the highest number of positive cases was observed in 2017 (8.8%), followed by 2018 (7.5%), 2016 (6.3%), 2015 (5%), and 2019 (3.1%). It was determined that the disease gradually increased from 2015 to 2017 and gradually decreased in the following years. In terms of the seasonal distribution of the positive cases, most were seen in summer (12%), followed by spring (9.4%), autumn (8.2%), and winter (1.9%). The data on American foulbrood in Turkey mostly consist of regional studies, and there is still a need for national epidemiological studies on this subject.
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