This study investigates the linkage between tourism development, technological innovation, urbanization and environmental degradation across 30 provinces of China. Based on data from 2001 to 2018, the study used an advanced economic methodology for the long-run estimate, the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimator, which accounts for heterogeneity in slope parameters and dependencies across countries. The empirical results show that tourism development degrades environmental quality, while technological innovation mitigates carbon emissions. Further, findings show that urbanization increases carbon emissions, while an inverted U-shaped relationship exists between economic growth and environmental degradation, implying the existence of EKC in China. Further, the Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality test shows that any policy aimed at tourism development or technological innovation would substantially contribute to environmental degradation, but not the other way round.

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Pakistan is facing massive issues such as political instability, weak law enforcement, and corruption, leading to poor implementation of environmental policies. This research investigates the nexus among CO2 emissions, energy consumption, financial development, governance index, and economic growth under the framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Moreover, the investigation also explores the impact of government effectiveness, voice and accountability, and regulatory quality from 1996Q4 to 2018Q4. The empirical statistics indicate that financial development and energy consumption incline environmental degradation, while the governance index negatively affects CO2 emission. The results validate the presence of the EKC hypothesis in Pakistan. Besides, political stability, control of corruption, and Government effectiveness assist in curbing environmental degradation. Our findings suggest that there is a need to strengthen the institutions, and the Government of Pakistan should control the corrupt practices related to environmental policy implementation and strictly monitor the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (PAK-EPA).

Facing the great challenges from various changes, the traditional enterprise information system is becoming obsolescent. The timely response to market changes has become the competitive advantage. In this paper, business component-based development of modem enterprise information system is studied. Based on the business component and its technology, business component-based software development process is proposed. A clustering algorithm is used to identify the business components from requirement model and a rules library is used to assemble the business components to a business application. Component-based hierarchy architecture of enterprise information system is established, which are software infrastructure layer, middleware container layer, business entity layer, business process layer and application interface layer. The business component-based enterprise information system has the rapid reconfigurability, reusability and extensibility to adapt itself to the changes of business environment.

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