Polyploids are organisms with three or more complete chromosome sets. Polyploidization is widespread in plants and animals, and is an important mechanism of speciation. Genome sequencing and related molecular systematics and bioinformatics studies on plants and animals in recent years support the view that species have been shaped by whole genome duplication during evolution. The stability of polyploids depends on rapid genome recombination and changes in gene expression after formation. The formation of polyploids and subsequent diploidization are important aspects in long-term evolution. Polyploids can be formed in various ways. Among them, hybrid organisms formed by distant hybridization could produce unreduced gametes and thus generate offspring with doubled chromosomes, which is a fast, efficient method of polyploidization. The formation of fertile polyploids not only promoted the interflow of genetic materials among species and enriched the species diversity, but also laid the foundation for polyploidy breeding. The study of polyploids has both important theoretical significance and valuable applications. The production and application of polyploidy breeding have brought remarkable economic and social benefits.polyploid, whole genome duplication, diploidization, distant hybridization, polyploidy breeding Citation:Song C, Liu S J, Xiao J, et al.

Reservoir computing systems, a class of recurrent neural networks, have recently been exploited for modelfree, data-based prediction of the state evolution of a variety of chaotic dynamical systems. The prediction horizon demonstrated has been about half dozen Lyapunov time. Is it possible to significantly extend the prediction time beyond what has been achieved so far? We articulate a scheme incorporating time-dependent but sparse data inputs into reservoir computing and demonstrate that such rare "updates" of the actual state practically enable an arbitrarily long prediction horizon for a variety of chaotic systems. A physical understanding based on the theory of temporal synchronization is developed.

for removing iodine because of their porous structure, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) [4] and porous organic polymers (POPs). [5] Although most of these organic or metallic hybrid materials have good chemical and thermal stability, they will inevitably be partially oxidized or carbonized under long-term high-temperature and oxidizing atmosphere in the process of iodine vapor capture. Comparatively speaking, hyperporous carbons by high-temperature pyrolysis are noted for their high surface areas, large pore volumes, and good chemical and thermal stability, and they may be promising adsorbents for iodine capture. [6] Hyperporous carbons can be prepared from various precursors including porous materials including MOFs and POPs and show good performance in the fields of gas storage, catalysts, and energy storage. [7][8][9] While, many of the porous precursors involved costly starting materials or expensive catalysts or rigorous reaction conditions for their preparation, which limit their large-scale applications. [10][11][12] Among POPs, hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs) have obvious advantages of low cost and easy scalization. [13] However, such hyperporous carbons with high surface area and excellent chemical and thermal stability from HCPs precursors have not been reported in the field of iodine capture until now. Recently, we synthesized triptycene-based hypercrosslinked porous poly mer sponge (THPS) with superior adsorption capacities for organic solvents and dyes. [14] Herein, we further used THPS as precursor to prepared hyperporous carbon for iodine capture. Interestingly, the obtained hyperporous carbon (THPS-C) processes high surface area and large pore volume, and displays excellent adsorption ability for iodine vapor. Results and DiscussionThe hyperporous carbon THPS-C was prepared by treating THPS (Scheme 1) at 800 °C for 2 h under argon atmosphere using KOH as chemical activating agent in a mass ratio of 1:4 according to literature methods. [6a,8c] Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and highresolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) were utilized to confirm the structure and morphology of THPS-C. As shown in Figure 1a,b, THPS-C was composed of substantial irregular sphere particles. HR-TEM image revealed abundant micropores in THPS-C networks (Figure S1, Supporting Considering the nuclear fuel reprocessing conditions at 75 °C and the oxidizability of iodine, thermal and chemical stabilities are especially important for porous materials to enrich iodine. However, most organic or metal coordinated porous materials hardly meet this long-term demand. Here, highly porous carbon is prepared from pyrolysis at high temperature using triptycene-based hypercrosslinked polymer as precursor, and possesses high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 3125 m 2 g −1 and pore volume of 1.60 cm 3 g −1 , and exhibits excellent iodine uptake ability of 340 wt% at 75 °C. Moreover, the obtained hyperporous carbon also displays remarkable capture efficiency of...

BACKGROUND Glyphosate has been used for weed control in South China in various situations for four decades, and most Eleusine indica populations are suspected to have evolved resistance to glyphosate. This research investigated underling target‐site glyphosate resistance mechanisms in six field‐collected, putative glyphosate‐resistant (R) E. indica populations. RESULTS The six R E. indica populations were confirmed to be low (1.8 to 2.6‐fold) to moderately (5.6‐ to 8.4‐fold) resistant to glyphosate relative to the susceptible (S) population. Sixty‐seven glyphosate‐surviving plants from the six R populations were used to examine target‐site resistance mechanisms. Target‐site 5‐enolpyruvylshikimate3‐phosphate synthase (EPSPS) overexpression (OE) (plus further induction by glyphosate treatment) and gene copy number variation (CNV) occurred in 94% R plants, and among them, 16% had the P106A mutation and 49% had the heterozygous double TIPS (T102I + P106S) mutation (plus P381L). In addition, a low number of R plants (6%) only had the homologous TIPS (plus P381L) mutation. The (CT)6 insertion mutation in the EPSPS 5†‐UTR always associates with EPSPS OE and CNV. Progeny plants possessing EPSPS OE/CNV (and P106A) displayed low level (up to 4.5‐fold) glyphosate resistance. In contrast, plants homozygous for the TIPS mutation displayed higher (25‐fold) resistance to glyphosate and followed by plants heterozygous for this mutation plus EPSPS OE/CNV (12‐fold). CONCLUSIONS Target‐site glyphosate resistance in E. indica populations from South China is common with prevalence of EPSPS OE/induction/CNV conferring low level resistance. Individual plants acquiring both the TIPS mutation and EPSPS OE/CNV are favored due to evolutionary advantages. The role of (CT)6 insertion mutation in EPSPS CNV is worth further investigation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.