Blockchain technology provides a data structure with inherent security properties that include cryptography, decentralization, and consensus, which ensure trust in transactions. It covers widely applicable usages, such as in intelligent manufacturing, finance, the Internet of things (IoT), medicine and health, and many different areas, especially in medical health data security and privacy protection areas. Its natural attributes, such as contracts and consensus mechanisms, have leading-edge advantages in protecting data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. The security issues are gradually revealed with in-depth research and vigorous development. Unlike traditional paper storage methods, modern medical records are stored electronically. Blockchain technology provided a decentralized solution to the trust-less issues between distrusting parties without third-party guarantees, but the “trust-less” security through technology was easily misunderstood and hindered the security differences between public and private blockchains appropriately. The mentioned advantages and disadvantages motivated us to provide an advancement and comprehensive study regarding the applicability of blockchain technology. This paper focuses on the healthcare security issues in blockchain and sorts out the security risks in six layers of blockchain technology by comparing and analyzing existing security measures. It also explores and defines the different security attacks and challenges when applying blockchain technology, which promotes theoretical research and robust security protocol development in the current and future distributed work environment.

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Network security protocols are implemented to address network security challenges. Computer networks and applications have advanced and developed significantly in recent years, but consumers ‘excitement for network technology and high‐tech devices has been dampened by continual exposure to data security vulnerabilities. As of now, some individuals refuse to use smart devices due to concerns about the authenticity, confidentiality and integrity of data security leaks. This not only prompts Internet service providers to follow market protection mechanisms but also requires software developers to apply appropriate security protocols to protect computer network security. These applications’ dependability and integrity are dependent not just on the effectiveness of cryptographic algorithms, but also on key management protocols. Understanding network security protocols and implementing high‐quality standards to govern the transmission of data in the network are critical components of guaranteeing network security. The article explores data security, primarily at the application layer, various attack methods for different network security protocols and highlights the potential security implications. The study also looks at the corresponding, practical security measures and future research prospects for certain kinds of attacks. Finally, some technical challenges that remain unsolved at the time of writing are summarised, and future trends in cybersecurity are discussed.