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Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng is an indigenous South Asian edible fruit, and seeds of Momordica cochinchinensis have been used therapeutically in traditional Chinese medicine. Previous studies have shown that M. cochinchinensis seed (Momordicae Semen) has various pharmaceutical properties such as antioxidant and anti‐ulcer effects as well as contains secondary metabolites with potential anticancer activities such as triterpenoids and saponins. Recent studies reported that water extract and ethanol extract of M. cochinchinensi seed were tested on mammals using an acute toxic classic method as OECD guidelines 420. No matter injected intravenously or intramuscularly, animals died within several days. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to various doses of Cochinchina momordica seed extract (CMSE) from 2 dpf (days post fertilization, dpf) to 3 dpf. CMSE‐induced cardiotoxicity such as pericardial edema, cardiac apoptosis, increased ROS production, cardiac neutrophil infiltration, decreased blood flow velocity, and reduced expression of three marker genes of cardiac functions were found in zebrafish roughly in a dose‐dependent manner. These results suggest that CMSE may induce cardiotoxicity through pathways involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.

Recently, rate-compatible raptor-like quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (RL-QC-LDPC) codes, which are a typical class of multi-edge type LDPC codes with excellent performance and high flexibility, have been adopted in the technical specification of 5G new radio (5G-NR). In this paper, the ratecompatible RL-QC-LDPC coded interleave division multiple access (IDMA), or called the enhanced IDMA, is developed as non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-based random access solution, and various spectral efficiencies can be flexibly supported thanks to the rate compatible capability. First, 5G-NR LDPC codes are directly incorporated into enhanced IDMA-based random access, which can support a wide range of user loads with relatively low system throughput. Second, to improve the supported user load and system throughput, an edge-classification-based extension (ECE) algorithm is proposed to construct rate-compatible RL-QC-LDPC codes toward enhanced IDMA while taking into consideration the novel structural features of 5G-NR LDPC codes. Based on the two proposed edge-classification methods, the ECE can efficiently reduce the search space of base matrices for each extension round and effectively maintain enough diversity in the selected seed base matrices to facilitate further extension. Multi-edge type density evolution-aided extrinsic information transfer chart is employed to predict the asymptotic performance during the base matrix extension and optimization. As an example, a rate-compatible RL-QC-LDPC code family with fine code-rate granularity is constructed via the proposed ECE. Compared with 5G-NR LDPC coded IDMA, the outage performance of enhanced IDMA with the new code family can be significantly improved at high user load and system throughput for NOMA-based random access.INDEX TERMS 5G new radio access technology, interleave division multiple access (IDMA), non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), random access, raptor-like quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (LDPC) code, rate-compatible.

Context: Although the roots and stems of Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A. C. Smith. [Schisandraceae] are herbs and traditional foods in Li nationality, its toxicity remains unclear.Objective: To study developmental toxicity of K. coccinea consumption and explain underlying mechanisms. Materials and methods: Zebrafish were applied to assess LC 50 values of hydroethanol extract (KCH) and water extract (KCW) of Kadsura coccinea. In further study, three concentrations groups of KCH (3.75, 7.5 and 15 lg/mL for embryo, 7.5, 15 and 30 lg/mL for larvae) and control group (n ¼ 30) were administered. At specific stages of zebrafish development, spontaneous movement, hatching rate, etc., were measured. Gene expressions related to developmental toxicity were examined. Results: The LC 50 value of KCH (24 or 45 lg/mL) was lower than KCW (1447 or 2011 lg/mL) in embryos or larvae. The inhibited spontaneous movement (20%), hatching rate (20%), body length (12%) and eye area (30%) were observed after KCH treatment. Moreover, the decreased liver areas (25%) and fluorescence intensity (33%), increased ALT (37%) and AST levels (42%) were found in larvae treated with KCH (30 lg/mL). The increased ROS (89%), MDA concentrations (30%), apoptosis generation (62%) and decreased T-SOD activity (16%) were also observed. The represented genes of developmental hepatotoxicity, oxidative stress and apoptosis in zebrafish were activated after KCH (15 or 30 lg/ mL) treatment. Discussion and conclusions: These results demonstrate that KCH has developmental toxicity on zebrafish. Our study provides a scientific basis for further research on the toxicity of Kadsura coccinea.

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