Background BLCA is the second most common urogenital malignancy. In recent years, although the use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy has been thoroughly studied, the prognosis of metastatic BLCA is still poor. In order to improve the survival of BLCA patients and the accuracy of their response to individualized therapy, we need to further explore more novel BLCA biomarkers.Immunogenic cell death (ICD), a unique form of regulatory cell death, not only plays an important role in the immune process, but also activates the adaptation of immunocompetent hosts through the release of damage-related molecular patterns (DAMPs) and cytokine immunity, thereby establishing long-term immune memory. To some extent, this can affect the process of eradicating pathogens and balancing anti-tumor immunity against tumor immunity cycle.Currently, studies on the role of Immunogenic cell death (ICD) related genes in survival prognosis and immune processes in many tumors have been carried out. Unfortunately, this is not yet explored in BLCA. Methods We performed the analysis using BLCA samples involved in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Two subtypes associated with ICD were identified by consensus clustering, and the correlation between the two subtypes and survival and immunity in BLCA patients was investigated. In addition, we established and validated an ICD-related prognostic model and investigated the correlation between this model and prognosis, immunoinfiltration, immune cells, and immunotherapy response in BLCA patients. Results The results suggest that high ICD subtypes are associated with poor clinical outcomes, abundant immune cell infiltration, and high immune response signal activity. Our ICD-related prognostic model can predict the survival of BLCA patients and is associated with immunoinfiltration and tumor immune cells. Conclusion In conclusion, we established a new BLCA stratification system based on ICD-related genes. This stratification has important guiding significance for evaluating the prognosis of BLCA patients and the effect of immunotherapy.

Background. In recent years, more and more reports have shown that GINS complex subunit 2 (GINS2) plays an important role in the occurrence and progression of tumours. However, there is a lack of comprehensive and systematic research on its prognostic and immune effects in pan-cancer. Therefore, this study is aimed at investigating the prognostic value and immune-related role of GINS2 in human tumours and providing a comprehensive understanding of its carcinogenic mechanism in pan-cancer. Methods. We investigated different databases, including TIMER, TCGA, GTEX, CPTAC, GEPIA, and SangerBox. The study was carried out on the expression and prognosis of GINS2 in human tumours, immune infiltration and microenvironment, immune checkpoints, neoantigens, tumour mutational burden, microsatellite instability, mismatch repair (MMR) genes, methylation, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and enrichment analysis of gene set. Results. GINS2 plays a potential carcinogenic role in various human tumours through mRNA and protein levels. It is highly expressed in most cancers, and its expression is significantly correlated with tumour prognosis. In addition, the expression of GINS2 is associated with immune microenvironment and immune infiltration, especially in brain lower-grade glioma, lung squamous cell carcinoma, TGCT, breast invasive carcinoma, and glioblastoma multiforme. At the same time, GINS2 is related to immune neoantigens and the expression profiles of immune checkpoint genes in pan-cancer. It also affects the expression of DNA MMR genes and methyltransferase in pan-cancer. Finally, the correlation between GINS2 and CAF abundance in most tumours was studied, and an enrichment analysis of GINS2 and its related proteins was also carried out. Conclusion. This is the first study on GINS2 as a prognostic and immune mechanism in pan-cancer. GINS2 may be a valuable prognostic immunological biomarker of pan-cancer. This paper provides a relatively comprehensive understanding on the correlation of GINS2 with pan-cancer.