Patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) display amyloidopathy and tauopathy. In mouse models of AD, pharmacological inhibition using small molecule enzyme inhibitors, or genetic inactivation of Acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) diminished amyloidopathy and restored cognitive deficits. In microglia, ACAT1 blockage increases autophagosome formation and stimulates amyloid β peptide1–42 degradation. Here we hypothesize that in neurons ACAT1 blockage augments autophagy and increases autophagy-mediated degradation of P301L-tau protein. We tested this possibility in murine neuroblastoma cells ectopically expressing human tau, and in primary neurons isolated from triple transgenic AD (3XTg-AD) mice that express mutant forms of APP, PS1, and human tau. The results show that ACAT1 blockage increases autophagosome formation and decreases P301L-tau protein content without affecting endogenous mouse tau protein content. In vivo, lacking Acat1 decreases P301L-tau protein content in the brains of young 3XTg-AD mice but not in those of old mice, where extensive hyperphosphorylations and aggregation of P301L-tau take place. These results suggest that, in addition to ameliorating amyloidopathy in both young and old AD mice, ACAT1 blockage may benefit AD by reducing tauopathy at early stage.
To ensure a sustainable future, it is imperative to efficiently utilize abundant biomass to produce such as platform chemicals, transport fuels, and other raw materials; hydrochar is one 2 of the promising candidates derived by hydrothermal carbonization of biomass in pressurized hot water. The synthesis of "hydrochar-wrapped Ti3AlC2-derived nanofibers" was successfully achieved by a facile one-pot hydrothermal reaction using glucose as the hydrochar precursor.Meanwhile, cellulose and pinewood sawdust as raw materials were also investigated. Products were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, SEM, TEM, FT-IR, and EDS to investigate their crystal structures, textural properties, morphologies, surface species and elemental compositions. In the adsorption test to remove Cd(II) and Cu(II) in aqueous solution, hydrochar-wrapped nanofibers outperformed pure nanofibers derived from Ti3AlC2, hydrothermal carbon derived from glucose and commercial activated carbon. Finally, the regeneration and sorption kinetics were also studied.
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