Hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol utilizing the hydrogen from renewable energy sources offers a promising way to reduce CO2 emissions through the CO2 utilization as a carbon source. However, it is a challenge to convert CO2 to methanol with high activity and high methanol selectivity. Herein, we report a class of metal-oxide solid-solution catalysts: MaZrO x (Ma = Cd, Ga), which show a methanol selectivity up to 80% with the CO2 single pass conversion reaching 4.3%–12.4% under the reaction conditions of H2/CO2 = 3/1, 24 000 h–1, 5 MPa. Structural and electronic characterizations combined with denisty functional theory calculations suggest that the Ma and Zr components in MaZrO x (Ma = Cd, Ga) solid-solution catalysts show a strong synergetic effect, which enhances the H2 heterolytic dissociation and results in high activity and high methanol selectivity. The solid-solution catalyst with dual metal oxide components offers an approach for the selective hydrogenation of CO2 to chemicals.

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Assessing the impacts of land use and land cover change (LUCC) on regional climate is essential for understanding land-atmosphere interactions and for designing climate adaptation and mitigation strategies. Using the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model, we examined how different land use and land cover patterns affect regional climate in the agro-pastoral transitional zone of North China, whose environmental and socioeconomic conditions are sensitive to climate change. We parameterized WRF using land use and land cover maps corresponding to 2001 and 2010 conditions, which differ in the representation of four land surface biophysical parameters: vegetation fraction, leaf area index (LAI), albedo, and emissivity. From 2001 to 2010, vegetation fraction and LAI increased in summer, emissivity increased and albedo decreased in winter. Our WRF simulations show that differences in land use and land cover patterns led to widespread reduction in summer temperature with local cooling on the order of 1°C, and extensive increase in winter temperature with local warming exceeding 0.8°C. By contrast, simulations using the default landscape representation, provided by WRF itself, show only minor and random changes in temperature. Model evaluation further reveals that our simulations with appropriate land surface properties improve the performance of the WRF model. Our findings demonstrate that LUCC in Northern China has altered the regional climate over the past decade. The magnitude and spatial patterns of temperature changes quantified by our simulations provide useful information for understanding the impacts of LUCC on climate and for developing mitigation and adaptation strategies in arid and semiarid regions. OPEN ACCESS RECEIVED