BackgroundRecently, in a cross-sectional study of 201 children in Araihazar, Bangladesh, exposure to arsenic (As) in drinking water has been shown to lower the scores on tests that measure children’s intellectual function before and after adjustment for sociodemographic features.ObjectivesWe investigated the effects of As and fluoride exposure on children’s intelligence and growth.MethodsWe report the results of a study of 720 children between 8 and 12 years of age in rural villages in Shanyin county, Shanxi province, China. The children were exposed to As at concentrations of 142 ± 106 μg/L (medium-As group) and 190 ± 183 μg/L (high-As group) in drinking water compared with the control group that was exposed to low concentrations of As (2 ± 3 μg/L) and low concentrations of fluoride (0.5 ± 0.2 mg/L). A study group of children exposed to high concentrations of fluoride (8.3 ± 1.9 mg/L) but low concentrations of As (3 ± 3 μg/L) was also included because of the common occurrence of elevated concentrations of fluoride in groundwater in our study area. A standardized IQ (intelligence quotient) test was modified for children in rural China and was based on the classic Raven’s test used to determine the effects of these exposures on children’s intelligence. A standardized measurement procedure for weight, height, chest circumference, and lung capacity was used to determine the effects of these exposures on children’s growth.ResultsThe mean IQ scores decreased from 105 ± 15 for the control group, to 101 ± 16 for the medium-As group (p < 0.05), and to 95 ± 17 for the high-As group (p < 0.01). The mean IQ score for the high-fluoride group was 101 ± 16 and significantly different from that of the control group (p < 0.05). Children in the control group were taller than those in the high-fluoride group (p < 0.05); weighed more than the those in the high-As group (p < 0.05); and had higher lung capacity than those in the medium-As group (p < 0.05).ConclusionsChildren’s intelligence and growth can be affected by high concentrations of As or fluoride. The IQ scores of the children in the high-As group were the lowest among the four groups we investigated. It is more significant that high concentrations of As affect children’s intelligence. It indicates that arsenic exposure can affect children’s intelligence and growth.

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Reprogramming metabolism of tumor cells is a hallmark of cancer. Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) is frequently overexpressed in tumor cells. Previous studies has shown higher levels of LDHA is related with colorectal cancer (CRC), but its role in tumor maintenance and underlying molecular mechanisms has not been established. Here, we investigated miRNAs-induced changes in LDHA expression. We reported that colorectal cancer express higher levels of LDHA compared with adjacent normal tissue. Knockdown of LDHA resulted in decreased lactate and ATP production, and glucose uptake. Colorectal cancer cells with knockdown of LDHA had much slower growth rate than control cells. Furthermore, we found that miR-34a, miR-34c, miR-369-3p, miR-374a, and miR-4524a/b target LDHA and regulate glycolysis in cancer cells. There is a negative correlation between these miRNAs and LDHA expression in colorectal cancer tissues. More importantly, we identified a genetic loci newly associated with increased colorectal cancer progression, rs18407893 at 11p15.4 (in 3′-UTR of LDHA), which maps to the seed sequence recognized by miR-374a. Cancer cells overexpressed miR-374a has decreased levels of LDHA compared with miR-374a-MUT (rs18407893 at 11p15.4). Taken together, these novel findings provide more therapeutic approaches to the Warburg effect and therapeutic targets of cancer energy metabolism.

A novel hydrophilic nanocomposite additive (PVP-g-MMT), coupling of hydrophilic modifier, self-dispersant, and pore-forming agent (porogen), was synthesized by the surface modification of montmorillonite (MMT) with N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) via "grafting from" polymerization in the presence of H(2)O(2)-NH(3)·H(2)O as the initiator, and then the nanocomposite membrane of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and PVP-g-MMT was fabricated by wet phase inversion onto clean glass plates. The existence and dispersion of PVP-g-MMT had a great role on structures, morphologies, surface composition, and chemistry of the as-prepared nanocomposite membranes confirmed by varieties of spectroscopic and microscopic characterization techniques, all of which were the correlated functions of PVP-g-MMT content in casting solution. By using the dead-end filtration of protein aqueous solution, the performance of the membrane was evaluated. It was seen that all of the nanocomposite membranes showed obvious improvement of water flux and proper BSA rejection ratio, compared to the control PVDF membrane. Meanwhile, dynamic BSA fouling resistance and flux recovery properties were also greatly enhanced due to the changes of surface hydrophilicity and morphologies. All the experimental results indicated that the as-prepared PVDF nanocomposite membranes showed better separation performances than the control PVDF membrane. Hopefully, the demonstrated method of hydrophilic nanocomposite additive synthesis would be applied for commonly hydroxyl group-containing inorganic nanoparticles, which was favorable to fabricate hydrophilic nanoparticle-enhanced polymer membranes for water treatment.

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