Hypoxia-ischemia (H-I) is frequently observed in perinatal asphyxia and other diseases. It can lead to serious cardiac injury, cerebral damage, neurological disability and mortality. Previous studies have demonstrated that the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, which regulates a wide range of cellular functions, is involved in the resistance response to H-I through the activation of proteins associated with survival and inactivation of apoptosis-associated proteins. It can also regulate the expression of hypoxia-induced factor-1α (HIF-1α). HIF-1α can further regulate the expression of downstream proteins involved in glucose metabolism and angiogenesis, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and erythropoietin, to facilitate ischemic adaptation. Notably, HIF-1α may also induce detrimental effects. The effects of HIF-1 on ischemic outcomes may be dependent on the H-I duration, animal age and species. Thus, further investigation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway may provide further insights of the potential targets for treating diseases accompanied by H-I.

Ab uilt-in electric field in electrocatalyst can significantly accumulate higher concentration of NO 3 À ions near electrocatalyst surface region, thus facilitating mass transfer for efficient nitrate removal at ultra-lowconcentration and electroreduction reaction (NO 3 RR). Am odel electrocatalyst is created by stacking CuCl (111) and rutile TiO 2 (110) layers together,i nw hich ab uilt-in electric field induced from the electron transfer from TiO 2 to CuCl (CuCl_BEF) is successfully formed .T his built-in electric field effectively triggers interfacial accumulation of NO 3 À ions around the electrocatalyst. The electric field also raises the energy of key reaction intermediate *NO to lower the energy barrier of the rate determining step.ANH 3 product selectivity of 98.6 %, alow NO 2 À production of < 0.6 %, and mass-specific ammonia production rate of 64.4 h À1 is achieved, whicha re all the best among studies reported at 100 mg L À1 of nitrate concentration to date.

Carbon-coated α-Fe2O3 hollow nanospindles and varied-phase Fe2O3@C (γ-Fe2O3@C, αγ-Fe2O3@C, and α-Fe2O3@C) nanobipyramids were prepared by controlling pyrolysis of MIL-88A nanobipyramids at different temperature and time in air or nitrogen, exhibiting advanced lithium storage capacities.

The sluggish solid−solid conversion kinetics from Li 2 S 4 to Li 2 S during discharge is considered the main problem for cryogenic Li−S batteries. Herein, an all-liquidphase reaction mechanism, where all the discharging intermediates are dissolved in the functional thioether-based electrolyte, is proposed to significantly enhance the kinetics of Li−S battery chemistry at low temperatures. A fast liquidphase reaction pathway thus replaces the conventional slow solid−solid conversion route. Spectral investigations and molecular dynamics simulations jointly elucidate the greatly enhanced kinetics due to the highly decentralized state of solvated intermediates in the electrolyte. Overall, the battery brings an ultrahigh specific capacity of 1563 mAh g −1 sulfur in the cathode at −60 °C. This work provides a strategy for developing cryogenic Li−S batteries.