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Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) have been the focus of increasing concern in recent decades due to their ubiquity in the environment and potential risks. Out-of-date PPCPs are usually discharged into municipal solid wastes (MSWs), enter the leachates in MSW landfills and have serious adverse effects on the surrounding water environment. However, the occurrence and removal of PPCPs from landfill leachates have rarely been examined to date. This lack of knowledge makes landfill an underestimated source of PPCPs in the environment. In this review, we collected the relevant publications of PPCPs in landfill leachates, systematically summarized the occurrence of PPCPs in landfill leachates globally, evaluated the removal performances for various PPCPs by different types of on-site fullscale leachate treatment processes, and assessed the impacts of landfill leachates on PPCPs in the adjacent groundwater. In particular, influencing factors for PPCPs in landfill leachates, including the physicochemical properties of PPCPs, climate conditions, characteristics of landfill sites (i.e., landfill ages) as well as sociological factors (i.e., economic development) were extensively discussed to understand their occurrence patterns. Future perspectives were also proposed in light of the identified knowledge gaps. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review regarding the occurrence and removal of PPCPs from landfill leachates worldwide.

a b s t r a c tHigh-performance liquid chromatography-size exclusion chromatography (HPLC-SEC) coupled with a multiple wavelength absorbance detector (200-445 nm) was used in this study to investigate the apparent molecular weight (AMW) distributions of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Standard DOM, namely humic acid, fulvic acid and hydrophilic acid, from the Suwannee River were tested to ascertain the performance and sensitivity of the method. In addition to four compounds groups: humic substances (Peak 1, AMW 16 kD), fulvic acids (Peak 2, AMW 11 kD), low AMW acids (Peak 3, AMW 5 kD), and low AMW neutral and amphiphilic molecules, proteins and their amino acid building blocks (Peak 4, AMW 3 kD), an new group that appears to include low AMW, 6-10 kD, humic substances was found based on investigating the spectra at various elution times. The spectroscopic parameter S >365 (slope at wavelengths >365 nm) was determined to be a good predictor of the AMW of the DOM. The detector wavelength played an important role in evaluating the AMW distribution. For some fractions, such as the humic and low AMW non-aromatic substances, the error in measurement was ±30% as determined by twodimensional chromatograms detected at an artificially selected wavelength. HPLC-SEC with multiple wavelength absorbance detection was found to be a useful technique for DOM characterization. It characterized the AMW distributions of DOM more accurately and provided additional, potentially important information concerning the properties of DOM with varying AMWs.

Heated aluminum oxide particles (HAOPs) are a newly synthesized adsorbent with attractive properties for use in hybrid adsorption/membrane filtration systems. This study compared removal of natural organic matter (NOM) from water by adsorption onto HAOPs with that by adsorption onto powdered activated carbon (PAC) or coagulation with alum or ferric chloride (FeCl3); explored the overlap between the NOM molecules that preferentially adsorb to HAOPs and those that are removed by the more conventional approaches; and evaluated NOM removal and fouling in hybrid adsorbent/membrane systems. For equivalent molar doses of the trivalent metals, HAOPs remove more NOM, and NOM with higher SUVA254, than alum or FeCl3. Most of the HAOPs-nonadsorbable fraction of the NOM can be adsorbed by PAC; in fact, that fraction appears to be preferentially adsorbed compared to the average NOM in untreated water. Predeposition of the adsorbents on a microfiltration membrane improves system performance. For the water tested, at a flux of 100 L/m2-hr, predeposition of 11 mg/L PAC and 5 mg/L HAOPs (as Al3+) allowed the system to operate 5 times as long before the transmembrane pressure increased by 1 psi and to remove 10-20 times as much NOM as when no adsorbents were added.