Wolfberry Lycium, an economically important genus of the Solanaceae family, contains approximately 80 species and shows a fragmented distribution pattern among the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Although several herbaceous species of Solanaceae have been subjected to genome sequencing, thus far, no genome sequences of woody representatives have been available. Here, we sequenced the genomes of 13 perennial woody species of Lycium, with a focus on Lycium barbarum. Integration with other genomes provides clear evidence supporting a whole-genome triplication (WGT) event shared by all hitherto sequenced solanaceous plants, which occurred shortly after the divergence of Solanaceae and Convolvulaceae. We identified new gene families and gene family expansions and contractions that first appeared in Solanaceae. Based on the identification of self-incompatibility related-gene families, we inferred that hybridization hotspots are enriched for genes that might be functioning in gametophytic self-incompatibility pathways in wolfberry. Extremely low expression of LOCULE NUBER (LC) and COLORLESS NON-RIPENING (CNR) orthologous genes during Lycium fruit development and ripening processes suggests functional diversification of these two genes between Lycium and tomato. The existence of additional flowering locus C-like MADS-box genes might correlate with the perennial flowering cycle of Lycium. Differential gene expression involved in the lignin biosynthetic pathway between Lycium and tomato likely illustrates woody and herbaceous differentiation. We also provide evidence that Lycium migrated from Africa into Asia, and subsequently from Asia into North America. Our results provide functional insights into Solanaceae origins, evolution and diversification.

We choose petroleum ether and n-heptane as poor solvent and selective solvent to swell styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) and prepare a kind of swelling SBS sample with different swelling degrees. The steady rate sweep tests have been carried out and the steady zero shear viscosities have been obtained for two kinds of equilibrium swelling SBS. Furthermore, the dynamic frequency sweep tests have been performed for swelling SBS with different swelling degrees. The test results show that the curves of dynamic storage modulus (G’) is always located over those of dynamic loss modulus (G”), which exhibits that the viscoelastic behaviors of all the samples is charged by elasticity in the whole frequency range measured. The poor solvent give less destroy to the network structure of SBS than the selective solvent.

A seawater source heat pump (SWHP) system offer an attractive option for heating and cooling residential and commercial buildings owing to their higher energy efficiency compared with conventional systems. A thermoeconomic model was developed for analysis and optimization of SWHP with residential building. The thermodynamic and thermoeconomic optimum result for SWHP in the Qingdao, china, weather conditions were obtained using MATLAB optimization toolbox. The thermoeconomic optimization results show exergy loss and EER increasing by 22.7% and 13.9% respectively, but annual production costs reduce by 29.1%.

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Heat transfer model of buried pipe heat exchanger is established first, and solved by the ANSYS finite element simulation software. Model is verified by experiment, average error is 6.4%. On the above basis, return water temperature of buried pipe and soil temperature are analyzed during whole operation. Through whole cooling season, outlet water temperature of buried pipe increased by 6.7°C, up to 21.2°C. After 45 days on transition season, temperature reduced 3.2°C, up to 18°C. Within one year, temperature difference is above 1.1°C before-and-after heating and cooling operation. It reveals that soil temperature cannot fully recover only by natural heat conduction and soil heat storage appears, which should be paid more attention in the project.