The influence of pre-deformation on aging precipitates of three near peak-aged Al-Cu-Li alloys, 1460 alloy with a low Cu/Li ratio (1.46), 2050 alloy with a high Cu/Li ratio (4.51) and 2A96 alloy with a medium Cu/Li ratio (2.97), was investigated. The strength of the aged alloys is enhanced by the pre-deformation. The effectiveness of pre-deformation on precipitates is dependent on the alloy's composition. With increasing the pre-deformation, the population density of T1 (Al 2 CuLi) precipitates increases in all three Al-Cu-Li alloys and their diameter decreases in 2050 and 2A96 alloys, and the greatest effectiveness is observed in 2A96 alloy. The pre-deformation also increases the population density of h 0 (Al 2 Cu) precipitates and decreases their diameter in 2050 and 2A96 Al-Li alloys, but the effectiveness is smaller compared to that on T1 precipitates. In 1460 alloy subjected to two-step aging at 130°C for 20 h followed by 160°C for 12 h, the main precipitates are d 0 (Al 3 Li). At 2%-6% pre-deformation, GP-I zones form and pre-deformation displays little influence. Eight percentage pre-deformation promotes h 00 /h 0 precipitation and increases their population density.

Background Plant protoplasts constitute unique single-cell systems that can be subjected to genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analysis. An effective and sustainable method for preparing protoplasts from tea plants has yet to be established. The protoplasts were osmotically isolated, and the isolation and purification procedures were optimized. Various potential factors affecting protoplast preparation, including enzymatic composition and type, enzymatic hydrolysis duration, mannitol concentration in the enzyme solution, and iodixanol concentration, were evaluated. Results The optimal conditions were 1.5% (w/v) cellulase and 0.4–0.6% (w/v) macerozyme in a solution containing 0.4 M mannitol, enzymatic hydrolysis over 10 h, and an iodixanol concentration of 65%. The highest protoplast yield was 3.27 × 106 protoplasts g−1 fresh weight. As determined through fluorescein diacetate staining, maximal cell viability was 92.94%. The isolated protoplasts were round and regularly shaped without agglomeration, and they were less than 20 μm in diameter. Differences in preparation, with regard to yield and viability in the tissues (roots, branches, and leaves), cultivars, and cultivation method, were also observed. Conclusions In summary, we reported on a simple, efficient method for preparing protoplasts of whole-organ tissue from tea plant. The findings are expected to contribute to the rapid development of tea plant biology.

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