Fire smoke enters the human lungs through the respiratory tract. The damage to the respiratory tract and lung tissue is known as smoke inhalation injury (SII). Fire smoke can irritate airway epithelium cells, weaken endothelial cell adhesion and lyse alveolar type II epithelia cells, leading to emphysema, decreased lung function, pneumonia and risk of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The purpose of the present study was to analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with SII and the risk factors affecting their prognosis. A total of 103 patients with SII admitted between January 2016 to December 2021 to the Burns Unit of the Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force and 983 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army were selected for the present study. The demographics and clinical features between different severities of SII were analyzed. Univariate/multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the potential predictors for severity, ARDS and mortality of patients with SII. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to screen independent risk factors and identify their prediction accuracy. It was concluded that total body surface area (TBSA), III burn area (of total %TBSA), cases of respiratory infections, ARDS morbidity, mortality, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II, lung injury prediction score, lactic acid, white blood cells (WBC), alanine transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and uric acid were indicators that were raised with increasing severity of SII. However red blood cells, hemoglobin, platelet count, total protein, albumin, and albumin/globulin were decreased with the increasing severity of SII (P<0.05). WBC >20.91 (10 9 /l) was a reliable indicator for severe SII. Lactic acid >9.60 (mmol/l) demonstrated a high degree of accuracy in predicting ARDS development in patients with SII. Hemoglobin <83.00 (g/l) showed a high degree of accuracy in predicting mortality. In summary, the highlighted assessment parameters could be used to contribute to devising improved treatment plans to preempt worsening conditions (such as shock, ARDS, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and death).

The pathophysiological mechanism of abnormal coagulation can result from smoke inhalation injury (SII). Heparin nebulization is a common treatment for lung disorders. This study aimed to use meta-analysis in animal models to examine the effectiveness of atomized heparin on SII. For our online searches, we used the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese BioMedical Literature Database (CBM), and Wanfang Database up to January 2022. Data for SII were retrieved and compared to control animals. The studies' findings were determined by combining standardized mean difference (SMD) analysis with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The findings showed that as compared to the control group, the heparin-treated group had a lower death rate (relative risk (RR) 0.42; 95% CI 0.22, 0.80; P &lt; 0.05). The meta-analysis demonstrated favorable changes in lung physiology, including PaO2/FiO2 (SMD 1.04; 95% CI 0.65, 1.44; P &lt; 0.001), lung wet-to-dry (W/D) weight ratio (SMD −1.83; 95% CI −2.47, −1.18; P &lt; 0. 001), and pulmonary shunt Qs/Qt (SMD −0.69; 95% CI −1.29, −0.08; P &lt; 0.05) after heparin nebulization for lung injury. The present data indicated that pulmonary artery mean pressure (PAMP) in the heparin therapy group was significantly lowered after 24 and 48 h (hours) of therapy, suggesting that the cardiovascular system could recover following heparin treatment. As a result, heparin nebulization appeared to be more effective against SII and improved cardiopulmonary function compared to the control group.

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