The biomimetic cell membrane camouflaged
approach provides numerous
opportunities in designing therapeutic platforms for various biomedical
applications. It is necessary to understand the engineering of physicochemical
properties on materials’ surfaces for target biological functions
to develop the next-generation anticancer nanomedicines. Herein, we
envelope mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with red blood cell
(RBC) membrane ghosts to obtain MSN@RBC, which possesses significantly
stronger physiological stability and longer circulation time than
bare MSNs. The surface functionalization of the core material is a
critical design parameter for RBC membrane coating efficiency. Therefore,
various surface functionalization (−COOH, −SH, −NH2) modifications were performed on MSNs. Compared with other
groups, MSN-COOH possessed a better RBC membrane coating efficiency.
Then, MSN-COOH of different particle sizes were coated by RBC-derived
vesicle membranes. The results indicated that smaller types were able
to last longer in blood circulation and accumulate more in target
sites than the larger ones. Overall, MSN-ICG@RBC with surface functionalization
of −COOH and optimized particle size of 60 nm led to efficient
imaging-guided photothermal cancer treatment and could be potentially
appealing to actual clinical applications in the future.
Reservoir construction changes a river's natural flows and temperature, thereby threatening fish migration. Researchers have tried to restore fish migration passages by ensuring environmental flows in downstream river channels. However, reservoir impoundment changes upstream environments from lotic to lentic and thereby hinders fish migration by eliminating migration cues, which has been rarely considered. This study characterized the invisible barriers that large reservoirs create for migratory fish. Water currents are the primary orientation cues for migration due to fish's natural rheotactic tendency. Fish also require suitable temperatures during migration. We built a quasi‐3‐D model to simulate hydrodynamic and temperature conditions in large reservoirs and tested whether these conditions met the velocity and temperature requirements of fish. Due to the strong effects of operation on reservoir conditions, we proposed an eco‐friendly technical operating solution to restore migration passages. We added an ecological constraint (i.e., creating a suitable velocity field for fish migration) to reservoir operation model and applied multiobjective optimization to simultaneously protect reservoir benefits. As a case, we applied our approach to China's Danjiangkou Reservoir. We found that velocities in more than half of the zones along the potential fish migration route through the reservoir were lower than the fish requirement and could not offer orientation cues for migration. The eco‐friendly operating scheme effectively restored a fish migration passage by managing reservoir releases during key migration periods, slightly reducing the reservoir's socioeconomic benefits by 1.67–5.03%. This study provides a new perspective on biodiversity and fisheries protection in global regulated rivers.
N‐doped porous carbons were prepared from mung bean flour by chemical activation with calcium chloride and urea. Adjusting the precursor and preparation temperature had significant effect on the graphitization, specific surface area, porosity and surface chemical composition of the porous carbons. The material prepared from the mixture of mung bean flour, urea, and calcium chloride at 800 °C was the optimal sample. It exhibited an excellent specific capacitance (247.2 F g−1 at 2 mV s−1 and 300.5 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, respectively), outstanding rate performance (178.6 F g−1 at 200 and 225 F g−1 at 100 A g−1, respectively) and good durability (93.2 and 97.5% capacitance retention after 10000 cyclic voltammograms and 2000 galvanostatic charge/discharge, respectively) in 6 M KOH. The structure‐performance relationships reveal that the excellent specific capacitance of this sample arises from its plentiful porosities, abundant doped‐N and high carbonation.
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