Background The histological grade of bladder cancer (BCa) is an important factor associated with the treatment and prognosis. However, accurate determination of the preoperative histological grade of BCa remains a challenge. Purpose To investigate the diagnostic potential of synthetic MRI (SyMRI) in evaluating the histological grade of BCa. Study Type Prospective. Subjects Sixty patients (48 men and 12 women; mean age, 65 ± 11 years) with pathologically confirmed BCa (33 with high‐grade BCa and 27 with low‐grade BCa) were enrolled. Field Strength/Sequence Diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) acquired by a single‐shot echo‐planar sequence and SyMRI acquired by a multidynamic multiecho (MDME) sequence at 3.0 T. Assessment Preoperative quantitative longitudinal relaxation time (T1), transverse relaxation time (T2), proton density (PD), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of BCa were independently measured by two radiologists. Statistical Tests Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC), independent sample t‐test, Mann–Whitney U test, Delong test, and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis were used. Results Significant differences were found in the mean of all the T1, T2, PD, and ADC values between high‐ and low‐grade BCa. The best diagnostic performance was found for the mean ADC value with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.869, while the AUC values of the mean PD, T1, and T2 values were 0.755, 0.740, and 0.723, respectively. Data Conclusion SyMRI may be a potential noninvasive technique for evaluating the histological grade of BCa. However, the overall diagnostic performance of SyMRI‐derived parameters was inferior to the ADC value. Levels of Evidence 2. Technical Efficacy Stage 2.

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Objective: To investigate the profiles of brain volumetric measurements in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and the consistency of these brain volumetric measurements derived from the synthetic and conventional T1 weighted MRI (SyMRI and cT1w MRI).Methods: Brain SyMRI and cT1w images were prospectively collected for 38 pediatric patients with ADHD and 38 healthy children (HC) with an age range of 6–14 years. The gray matter volume (GMV), white matter volume (WMV), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), non-WM/GM/CSF (NoN), myelin, myelin fraction (MYF), brain parenchyma volume (BPV), and intracranial volume (ICV) were automatically estimated from SyMRI data, and the four matching measurements (GMV, WMV, BPV, ICV) were extracted from cT1w images. The group differences of brain volumetric measurements were performed, respectively, using analysis of covariance. Pearson correlation analysis and interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were applied to evaluate the association between synthetic and cT1w MRI-derived measurements.Results: As for the brain volumetric measurements extracted from SyMRI, significantly decreased GMV, WMV, BPV, and increased NON volume (p < 0.05) were found in the ADHD group compared with HC; No group differences were found in ICV, CSF, myelin volume and MYF (p > 0.05). With regard to GMV, WMV, BPV, and ICV estimated from cT1w images, the group differences between ADHD and HC were consistent with the results estimated from SyMRI. And these four measurements showed noticeable correlation between the two approaches (r = 0.692, 0.643, 0.898, 0.789, respectively, p < 0.001; ICC values are 0.809, 0.782, 0.946, 0.873, respectively).Conclusion: Our study demonstrated a global brain development disability, but normal whole-brain myelination in children with ADHD. Moreover, our results demonstrated the high consistency of brain volumetric indices between synthetic and cT1w MRI in children, which indicates the high reliability of SyMRI in the child-brain volumetric analysis.

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