a b s t r a c tThis article aims to evaluate the impact of urbanization and different urbanization modes on cultivated land changes using an econometric model that incorporates socio-economic and policy factors in the eastern China, which experience the great urbanization in recent years. Based on land-use remote sensing data interpreted from Landsat Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper digital images of Chinese Academy of Sciences and a unique set of socio-economic data, an econometric model is developed to empirically estimate the impacts on cultivated land changes. Although urbanization has an effect on the changes of cultivated land, its effect is marginal. Moreover, the expansion of built-up areas in different urbanization modes causes varying impacts on changes in cultivated land use in different regions. Assuming that other factors remain constant, compared with the expansion of villages or the development of small towns, in the periods of 1995-2000, the urbanization in the more developed eastern region alleviates the loss of cultivated land by 7%, while during 2000-2008 the rapid urbanization lead to the cultivated land loss increase by 29.2%. The policies designed to protect cultivated land by encouraging people move to small towns may actually accelerate the occupation of cultivated land.

IMPORTANCE Evidence on the relative importance of various factors associated with child anthropometric failures (ie, stunting, underweight, and wasting) and their heterogeneity across countries can inform global and national health agendas. OBJECTIVE To assess the relative significance of factors associated with child anthropometric failures in 35 low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study of 299 353 children who were born singleton and aged 12 to 59 months with nonpregnant mothers and valid anthropometric measures assessed the strengths of associations of 26 factors with child stunting, underweight, and wasting, using Demographic and Health Surveys (2007-2018) from 35 LMICs. Data analysis was conducted from July 2019 to February 2020. EXPOSURES A total of 9 direct factors (ie, dietary diversity score; breastfeeding initiation; vitamin A supplements; use of iodized salt; infectious disease in past 2 weeks; oral rehydration therapy for children with diarrhea; care seeking for suspected pneumonia; full vaccination; and indoor pollution) and 17 indirect factors (household wealth; maternal and paternal education; maternal and paternal height and body mass index; maternal autonomy for health care, movement, and money; water source; sanitation facility; stool disposal; antenatal care; skilled birth attendant at delivery; family planning needs; and maternal marriage age) were assessed. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Three anthropometric failure outcomes were constructed based on the 2006 World Health Organization child growth standards: stunting (height-forage z score less than −2 standard deviations [SDs]), underweight (weight-forage z score less than −2 SDs), and wasting (weight-for-height z score less than −2 SDs). RESULTS Among the 299 353 children aged 12 to 59 months included in the analysis, 38.8% (95% CI, 38.6%-38.9%) had stunting, 27.5% (95% CI, 27.3%-27.6%) had underweight, and 12.9% (95% CI, 12.8%-13.0%) had wasting. In the pooled sample, short maternal height was the strongest factor associated with child stunting (odds ratio [OR], 4.7; 95% CI, 4.5-5.0; P < .001), followed by lack of

Genomes of higher organisms are extensively folded into three-dimensional (3D) chromosome territories within the nucleus 1. Advanced 3D genome mapping methods that combine proximity ligation and high-throughput sequencing (Hi-C) 2 , plus chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIA-PET) 3 , have revealed topologically associating domains (TADs) 4 with frequent chromatin contacts and have identified chromatin loops mediated by specific protein factors for insulation and transcriptional regulation 5-7. However, these methods rely on pairwise proximity ligation and reflect population-level views, and thus cannot reveal the detailed nature of chromatin interactions. Although single-cell Hi-C 8 could potentially overcome this issue, it may be limited by data sparsity inherent to current single-cell assays. Recent advances in microfluidics have opened new opportunities for droplet-based genomic analysis 9 , yet this approach has not been adapted to chromatin interaction analysis. Here, we describe a strategy for multiplex chromatin interaction analysis via droplet-based and barcode-linked sequencing (ChIA-Drop). We demonstrate the robustness of ChIA-Drop in capturing complex chromatin interactions with unprecedented single-Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints.