Real-time and accurate compaction quality monitoring is one of the key steps in the pavement construction. In this study, the effect of roller passes and temperature on the compactness of asphalt mixtures and its uniformity is discussed using the semivariance function. Further, the indoor asphalt mixture gyratory compaction test was carried out based on the embedded SmartRock sensor, with the aim of monitoring the changes in rotation and contact forces between aggregates. In addition, the effect of temperature on the dynamic response of SmartRock is discussed, and the compaction mechanism of asphalt mixtures is investigated from a microscopic scale. It is found that compaction degree and uniformity are not always positively correlated with the number of roller passes and that excessive compaction leads to a decrease in compaction effect; meanwhile, the variation in the compactness of asphalt mixtures can be characterized by the dynamic response of SmartRock, which providing a feasible method for real-time monitoring of the compaction process and optimization of the construction plan.