The immobilization of enzymes has received much attention. Metal− organic framework (MOF) as the adsorbent for enzyme encapsulation provides an effective strategy. However, the encapsulation efficacy is not dependent solely on the specific surface area. Though leading into appropriate substrate with negative charge would enhance the encapsulation efficacy. Polyoxometalates (POMs) as the electron sponge would donate electrons without any structural change. In this study, Keggintype phosphotungstic acid (PW 12 ) was encapsulated in Zirconium metal−organic framework (PW 12 @UiO-67) as a heterogeneous adsorbent for the encapsulation of enzyme. Our following data proved that this composite cluster could enhance the adsorption of enzyme and the stability of MP-11 was then significantly improved after immobilization.

Background Classical swine fever (CSF) is a severe disease of pigs that results in huge economic losses worldwide and is caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV). CSFV nonstructural protein 4 A (NS4A) plays a crucial role in infectious CSFV particle formation. However, the function of NS4A during CSFV infection is not well understood.  Results In this study, we used RNA-seq to investigate the functional role of CSFV NS4A in PK-15 cells. A total of 3893 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in PK-15 cells expressing NS4A compared to cells expressing the empty vector (NC). Twelve DEGs were selected and further verified by RT‒qPCR. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that these DEGs were associated with multiple biological functions, including cell adhesion, apoptosis, host defence response, the inflammatory response, the immune response, and autophagy. Interestingly, some genes associated with host immune defence and inflammatory response were downregulated, and some genes associated with host apoptosis and autophagy were upregulated. Conclusion CSFV NS4A inhibits the innate immune response, and suppresses the expression of important genes associated with defence response to viruses and inflammatory response, and regulates cell adhesion, apoptosis and autophagy.