BackgroundHand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has become an emerging infectious disease in China in the last decade. There has been evidence that meteorological factors can influence the HFMD incidence, and understanding the mechanisms can help prevent and control HFMD.MethodsHFMD incidence data and meteorological data in Minhang District, Shanghai were obtained for the period between 2009 and 2015. Distributed lag non-linear models (DLNMs) were utilized to investigate the impact of meteorological factors on HFMD incidence after adjusting for potential confounders of long time trend, weekdays and holidays.ResultsThere was a non-linear relationship between temperature and HFMD incidence, the RR of 5th percentile compared to the median is 0.836 (95% CI: 0.671–1.042) and the RR of 95th percentile is 2.225 (95% CI: 1.774–2.792), and the effect of temperature varied across age groups. HFMD incidence increased with increasing average relative humidity (%) (RR = 1.009, 95% CI: 1.005–1.015) and wind speed (m/s) (RR = 1.197, 95% CI: 1.118–1.282), and with decreasing daily rainfall (mm) (RR = 0.992, 95% CI: 0.987–0.997) and sunshine hours (h) (RR = 0.966, 95% CI: 0.951–0.980).ConclusionsThere were significant relationships between meteorological factors and childhood HFMD incidence in Minhang District, Shanghai. This information can help local health agencies develop strategies for the control and prevention of HFMD under specific climatic conditions.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-018-0388-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

In the near future, the inactivated enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine is expected to become available on the market in China. Since EV71 is a major cause of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), the vaccine is expected to significantly reduce the number of cases, as well as the detrimental economic effect of the disease. However, for a national vaccination strategy to be developed, policy-makers need more information on the socioeconomic burden of EV71 HFMD infection. Based on the 2011 population data, we estimated the clinical and economic effect of EV71 HFMD infection in children aged 0-9 years in Shanghai, China. The annual cost related to HFMD is >US$7.66 million for a population of 1·42 million children aged 0-9 years with an average cost of US$208.2/case. The extrapolated cost for EV71 HFMD infection was US$3.53 million, comprising 46·1% of the overall cost associated with HFMD. Around 97% of all of the HFMD-related expenses were paid for by the families creating a considerable economic burden. Our findings could provide the necessary recommendations on the most effective national EV71 vaccine implementation, as well as a baseline data for assessing the cost-effectiveness of the vaccine in China.

HFMD and EV71 infections have a significant health effect on Shanghai children.

Over the past few years, the imaging device has changed from digital cameras to smartphone cameras. With the popularity of mobile Internet applications, there explode massive digital images and videos captured by such smartphones, which are nearly held one per person. Consequently, the capturing source of images/videos delivers valuable identity information for criminal investigations and critical forensic evidence. It is significant to address the source identification of smartphone images/videos. In this paper, we build a Daxing smartphone identification dataset, which collects images and videos from extensive smartphones of different brands, models and devices. Specifically, the dataset includes 43 400 images and 1,400 videos captured by 90 smartphones of 22 models belonging to 5 brands. For example, there are 23 smartphone devices for the iPhone 6S (Plus) model. To the best of our knowledge, Daxing dataset uses the largest amount of smartphones for image/video source identification compared with other related datasets, as well as the highest numbers of devices per model and captured images/videos. The dataset has been released as a free and open-source for scientific researchers and criminal investigators.

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