First, Monte Carlo modelling of electron-solid interactions is briefly reviewed regarding its historical development, followed by quantification in microbeam analysis with various types of signals generated by electron penetration in solids.Second, typical models stimulated by these improvements are explained by demonstrating some of the Monte Carlo calculations which are, the authors believe, still of practical interest and use. Then, a typical calculation procedure for Monte Carlo simulation is described in detail from the standpoint of a physicist who does his or her own programming.Third, up-to-date Monte Carlo calculations as applied to modern surface analysis, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, Auger electron microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are also presented.

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Entanglement and coherence are two essential quantum resources for quantum information processing. A natural question arises of whether there is a direct link between them. In this work, we propose a definition of intrinsic concurrence for two-qubit states. Although the intrinsic concurrence is not a measure of entanglement, it embodies the concurrence of four pure states which are members of a special pure state ensemble for an arbitrary two-qubit state. And we show that intrinsic concurrence is always complementary to first-order coherence. In fact, this relation is an extension of the complementary relation satisfied by two-qubit pure states. Interestingly, we apply the complementary relation in some composite systems composed by a single-qubit state coupling with four typical noise channels respectively, and discover their mutual transformation relation between concurrence and first-order coherence. This universal complementarity provides reliable theoretical basis for the interconversion of the two important quantum resources.

Nonlocal advantage of quantum coherence (NAQC) based on coherence complementarity relations is generally viewed as a stronger nonclassical correlation than Bell nonlocality. An arbitrary two-qubit state with NAQC must be an entangled state, which demonstrates that the criterion of NAQC can also be regarded as an entanglement witness. In this paper, we experimentally investigate the NAQC for Bell-diagonal states with high fidelity in an optics-based platform. We perform local measurements on a subsystem in three mutually unbiased bases and reconstruct the density matrices of the measured states by quantum state tomography process. By analyzing characteristic of the l1 norm, relative entropy and skew information of coherence with parameters of quantum states, NAQC for the quantum states is accurately captured, and it shows that our experimental results are well compatible with the theoretical predictions. It is worth mentioning that quantum states with NAQC would have higher entanglement, and thus NAQC could be expected to be a kind of useful physical resource for quantum information processing.

A Cu exsolution based composite anode (R-LSFCNb) was prepared through reducing perovskite La 0.5 Sr 0.5 Fe 0.8 Cu 0.15 Nb 0.05 O 3-δ (LSFCNb) in H 2 for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFC). The performance and stability of the anode in various fuels, as well as the regeneration possibility from coking in syngas were investigated. The anode showed highly catalytic activity to fuel oxidations by peak power density of 0.76, 0.64, and 0.71 W • cm −2 in wet H 2 (3% H 2 O), wet syngas (H 2 :CO = 1, 3% H 2 O), and H 2 with 50 ppm H 2 S, respectively, at 800 • C in electrolyte supported full cells. Moreover, the anode was highly stable in wet H 2 , and exhibited H 2 S and coking resistance during 100 h testing period under 0.7 V. In addition, the anode can be regenerated from carbon deposition in wet syngas through applying reodx cycles on it, the evolution and elimination of carbon deposition in the anode were studied and discussed.