TiO2 films were grown on silicon substrates by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using tetrakis-dimethylamino titanium and ozone. Amorphous TiO2 film was deposited at a low substrate temperature of 165°C, and anatase TiO2 film was grown at 250°C. The amorphous TiO2 film crystallizes to anatase TiO2 phase with annealing temperature ranged from 300°C to 1,100°C in N2 atmosphere, while the anatase TiO2 film transforms into rutile phase at a temperature of 1,000°C. Photoluminescence from anatase TiO2 films contains a red band at 600 nm and a green band at around 515 nm. The red band exhibits a strong correlation with defects of the under-coordinated Ti3+ ions, and the green band shows a close relationship with the oxygen vacancies on (101) oriented anatase crystal surface. A blue shift of the photoluminescence spectra reveals that the defects of under-coordinated Ti3+ ions transform to surface oxygen vacancies in the anatase TiO2 film annealing at temperature from 800°C to 900°C in N2 atmosphere.

TiO2 films were grown on silicon substrates by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using tetrakis-dimethylamino titanium and ozone. Amorphous TiO2 film was deposited at a low substrate temperature of 165°C, and anatase TiO2 film was grown at 250°C. The amorphous TiO2 film crystallizes to anatase TiO2 phase with annealing temperature ranged from 300°C to 1,100°C in N2 atmosphere, while the anatase TiO2 film transforms into rutile phase at a temperature of 1,000°C. Photoluminescence from anatase TiO2 films contains a red band at 600 nm and a green band at around 515 nm. The red band exhibits a strong correlation with defects of the under-coordinated Ti3+ ions, and the green band shows a close relationship with the oxygen vacancies on (101) oriented anatase crystal surface. A blue shift of the photoluminescence spectra reveals that the defects of under-coordinated Ti3+ ions transform to surface oxygen vacancies in the anatase TiO2 film annealing at temperature from 800°C to 900°C in N2 atmosphere.

The thermal manikin is a complicated, delicate, and expensive tool, which could simulate the heat exchange between environment and human body and measure the evaporative resistance and thermal insulation of clothing. This study reviewed the application of thermal manikin in evaluation on thermal and moisture comfort of clothing and the thermal manikin through three aspects namely traditional thermal manikin, thermal regulation manikins, and numerical thermal manikins. Several typical manikins (Newton, Coppelius, SAM, Walter, Ruth, and Wenda) were described, and the features, application fields, measurement principles, and research status of thermal manikin were demonstrated. Finally, the development trends of thermal manikin were proposed. Not only would this work promote the further development of the thermal manikins themselves and the innovation of relevant technologies but also provide valuable information for the development and design of relevant products.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the thermal protective performance of firefighter’s clothing by a sweating manikin in low-level radiation. Design/methodology/approach A new method and a novel objective index based on measurements of the sweating thermal manikin are proposed to measure the thermal protection performance of firefighter’s clothing under low-level radiation exposure of 3.0 kW/m2. Finally, the effect of thermal insulation on thermal protective performance of firefighter’s clothing was analyzed. Findings The results reveal that the new index which used the changing rate of core temperature of the clothed manikin is a vital indicator of the thermal protection performance. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that there is a linear correlation between thermal protection performance of firefighter’s clothing and the thermal insulation. Originality/value A new method and a novel objective index are proposed to quantify the thermal protective performance of firefighter’s clothing in low-level radiation.

This paper reviews the current evaluation methods of thermal protection performance and thermal comfort performance for fabric and clothing from standard and non-standard tests. The test environment includes thermal radiation, thermal convection, flash fire, and so on. The research of this paper will promote the formulation and improvement of the new standard of Fire clothing. The future researches on thermal protection performance, and thermal comfort performance should be closer to the real fire environment. At the same time, the study of relation between the thermal protection performance and the thermal comfort performance of fire-fighters’ clothing is reviewed. The shortcomings of current researches and the focus of future researches are expounded. This study not only provides guidelines and suggestions for the research, development, design and selection of fire-fighters’ clothing, but also helps to better understand the relationship between thermal protection performance and thermal comfort performance of fire fighter clothing. Meanwhile, it provides a reference for improving the testing methods and establishing the testing standards of fire fighter clothing.