Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was used to extract anthocyanins from the freeze-dried skin of a highly pigmented red wine grape with six solvents at 50 degrees C, 10.1 MPa, and 3 x 5 min extraction cycles. Temperature (from 20 to 140 degrees C in 20 degrees C increments) effects on anthocyanin recovery by acidified water and acidified 60% methanol were also studied. Acidified methanol extracted the highest levels of total monoglucosides and total anthocyanins, whereas the solvent mixture (40:40:20:0.1 methanol/acetone/water HCl) extracted the highest levels of total phenolics and total acylated anthocyanins. Acidified water extracts obtained by PLE at 80-100 degrees C had the highest levels of total monoglucosides, total acylated anthocyanins, total anthocyanins, total phenolics, and ORAC values. Acidified methanol extracts obtained by PLE at 60 degrees C had the highest levels of total monoglucosides and total anthocyanins, whereas extracts obtained at 120 degrees C had the highest levels of total phenolics. High-temperature PLE (80-100 degrees C) using acidified water, an environmentally friendly solvent, was as effective as acidified 60% methanol in extracting anthocyanins from grape skins.

Simple, rapid and reliable methods are required to monitor the microbial community change in aquatic pond for better animal performance. Four floc (suspended organic matter) samples were collected from outdoor raceways and tanks used for culturing Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Twenty‐two chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid pigments were separated, identified and quantified using high‐performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet/Vis‐mass spectrometry in the freeze‐dried floc samples. Algal community composition (diatoms, chlorophytes, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and cryptophytes) was determined by measuring concentrations of the respective taxonomic biomarkers (carotenoid fucoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, peridinin and alloxanthin) as independent variables and Chl a as the dependent variable using a multiple regression model. This analysis found that the phytoplankton community of the floc samples from two groups of shrimp tanks (32 g L−1‐salinity) were diatom‐dominated (81.7% and 84.4%); and two floc samples from shrimp raceways (5 and 18 g L−1‐salinity) were chlorophyte‐dominated (75.4% and 82.3%). Assessment of total algal and bacterial biomass by quantification of Chl a and muramic acid, respectively, indicated that the 18 g L−1‐salinity raceway sample was bacteria‐dominated, whereas the other three floc samples were algae‐dominated. Sample protein quality was evaluated by its essential amino acid (AA) score and index. Arginine and lysine were found to be the two most limiting AAs for all floc samples.

Rice proteins were extracted from defatted rice flour. Turbidity measurement of supernatants revealed isoelectric points of albumin (pH 4.1), globulin (pH 4.3 and pH 7.9), and glutelin (pH 4.8), at which they were precipitated with 82.3 to 93.2% recovery efficiency. Prolamin did not aggregate and precipitate upon pH adjustment, but was precipitated by acetone. Denaturation temperatures (73.3, 78.9, and 82.2 8C) as well as enthalpy values (2.88, 3.14, and 3.79 J/g), of albumin, globulin, and glutelin were different. Prolamin did not show any thermographic denaturation peak. Heat-denaturation of globulin and glutelin resulted in progressive increases in their surface hydrophobicities. Measurement of surface hydrophobicity would be an effective parameter to evaluate rice protein denaturation.

A growth trial was conducted to determine the effects of inclusion of whole shrimp floc or floc fractions to a control diet on growth and survival of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The floc sample was collected from marine shrimp culture tanks and partially fractionated by extraction with water, acetone and hexane. A series of diets was manufactured by inclusion of whole floc (intact or ground), each of the fractions or their combination to a control diet. These diets were fed to shrimp (approximately 1.0 g) in an indoor laboratory under flowthrough conditions for 8 weeks. It was found that addition of whole floc (200 g kg )1 ) or floc fractions (24-200 g kg )1 ) to the control diet improved (P < 0.05) shrimp growth rate without affecting (P > 0.05) shrimp survival (>81.3%). Although inclusion of whole floc reduced the crude protein and crude fat contents and gross energy of the control diet, shrimp fed the whole floc-supplemented diets obtained the highest (P < 0.05) growth rates (1.01 and 1.03 g week )1 ) among the shrimp fed the 11 tested diets including two control (0.81 and 0.85 g week )1 ), two commercial (0.45 and 0.71 g week )1 ) and five floc-fraction-added (0.91-1.00 g week )1 ) diets. Many bioactive compounds in the floc that possibly affected shrimp growth were also analysed and quantified.KEY WORDS premix LV99.1 -to supply the following elements (mg kg )1 diet): zinc (as sulphate) 72 mg, iron (as sulphate) 36 mg, manganese (as sulphate) 12 mg, copper (as sulphate) 24 mg, cobalt (as chloride) 0.6 mg, iodine (as iodate) 1.2 mg, chromium (trivalent, as chloride) 0.8 mg, selenium (as selenate) 0.2 mg and molybdenum (as molybdate) 0.2 mg. 9 Oceanic Institute vitamin premix LV99.1 -to supply the following vitamins (mg or IU kg )1 diet): thiamine 40 mg, riboflavin 60 mg, pyridoxine 60 mg, pantothenic acid 180 mg, niacin 80 mg, biotin 0.6 mg, inositol 400 mg, folic acid 6 mg, cyanocobalamine 0.10 mg, vitamin A 6000 IU, vitamin D3 2000 IU, vitamin E 250 mg, vitamin K 40 mg and astaxanthin 60 mg (premix prepared for Oceanic

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