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Spontaneous carotid cavernous fistula is usually caused by lesions in the internal carotid cavernous sinus and its branches. We report a young male patient with no history of trauma, in whom the fistula was located at the cavernous sinus of the internal carotid artery. The postoperative angiography found a pseudoaneurysm at the origin of the cavernous sinus of internal carotid artery, which suggested that cavernous sinus fistulas were caused by bleeding from rupture of thin-walled vessels due to the local abnormalities of the vascular wall.

Objective Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) are blindness-causing neuritis; their pathogenesis is still not fully elucidated. Although it has been determined that Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) and NF-κB are associated with NMOSD, the changes that occur in different periods remain unknown. The study aimed to demonstrate the changes in the BTK/NF-κB pathway and related chemokines in different stages of NMOSDs. Methods A total of 32 patients with NMOSD were selected as the experimental group, and 32 healthy volunteers were included in the control group. In this study, the BTK/NF-κB pathway and related chemokines in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood samples of patients with NMOSD were analyzed in the acute or remission phase. Results BTK, NF-κB, PI3K, IKK, CXCL2, and CXCL12 levels in the NMOSD group in the acute or remission phase were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion The BTK/NF-κB pathway plays a vital role in the progression of NMOSD pathology. Our results shed light on its important role as a therapeutic target for NMOSD.

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