This study examined the effects of consistency tendency on the predictive power of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in relation to physical activity behavior. Methods: In this randomized controlled cross-over trial, we recruited 770 undergraduate students from Indonesia who were randomly assigned into two groups. Participants completed physical activity versions of TPB measures at T1 (baseline) and T2 (post 1 week), and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire at T3 (post 1 month). At T1 and T2, the TPB questions were either presented in ensemble-order (i.e., consistency tendency supressed) or alternate-order (i.e., consistency tendency facilitated). Results: The parameter estimates of the model (CFI > .92, TLI > .90, SRMR < .08, RMSEA < .08) aligned with the tenets of TPB. As compared to ensemble-order, a TPB measured in alternate-order yielded stronger cross-sectional relationships, but this pattern did not appear in the prospective relationships in TPB (i.e., intention/ perceived behavioral control and behavior). Conclusions: Consistency tendency inflated the factor correlations of cross-sectionally measured TPB variables, but the inflation was not observed in the prospective prediction of behavior. Health psychology questionnaires with items presented in ensemble order may represent a viable means of reducing the confounding effect of consistency tendency.

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Negotiations as a cooperative process naturally also contain competition, particularly towards negotiating partners who induce envy. Three components of envy i.e. (i) pain due to inferiority which either manifests in (ii) benign envy to improve the envier performance, or (iii) malicious envy that contains hostility and intention to hurt the envied, may motivate deceptive negotiation strategies. Regardless of the role of envy, individual differences in trait self-control and trait mindfulness may also predict deception. In this cloud-based online experiment, participants (N = 804 students) completed self-reported measures of trait self-control and mindfulness, read an envy scenario on their academics failure compared to the envied classmate, then randomly received the envy conditions (benign vs. malicious), filled in measure of state envy, read the negotiation scenario, and filled in measure of deception. We found that (i) at correlational level, deception was positively associated with all envy components but negatively associated with both individual differences, (ii) at prediction level, malicious and pain of envy predicted more deception, (iii) after taking into account the envy role, only trait self-control predicted lower level of deception. These findings may help improve ethical practices in negotiation context.

Research on the expression and prevalence of co-occurring anxiety disorders and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has produced variable results. In part this is due to heterogeneity in the characteristics of the samples, methodology, and the underlying cause of anxiety disorders and ASD across studies. This review will focus on the aspects related to the manifestation of anxiety disorders in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), in order to establish the amount of comorbidity or heterogeneity both within and between these disorders. This review will also elaborate on the findings from related studies with reference to the underlying causes of both disorders. A number of typical anxiety symptoms play a significant role characterising autism, creating overlap and heterogeneity in the disorders. Therefore, further research on the measurement of anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents with ASD in addition to the interaction of anxiety and social disability in this population is required, so appropriate treatment and intervention can be established to address each specific characteristic of these disorders.

In predicting the future (future forecasting), individuals tend to overestimate the impact they might experience if there is a significant change in one aspect of their life. This study seeks to determine the best strategy to reduce the focusing illusion that occurs when participants are asked to imagine a worse situation (disability setting). This study is a quantitative randomized controlled trial (RCT), comparing three defocusing illusion scenarios (concrete events, change for better and worse and time-weighted) and the effect on the level of quality of life (QoL) of the participants. The results of this study showed a significant effect between the three treatments on the quality of life. The ‘change for the better and worse’ scenario is shown to be more effective at reducing the effect of the focusing illusion. Keywords: disability, future forecasting, focusing illusion, defocusing illusion