The CREATE-ECLA Randomized Controlled TrialThe CREATE-ECLA Trial Group Investigators* See also pp 427 and 489.

Tumor‐immune crosstalk within the tumor microenvironment (TME) occurs at all stages of tumorigenesis. Tumor‐associated M2 macrophages play a central role in tumor development, but the molecular underpinnings have not been fully elucidated. We demonstrated that M2 macrophages produce interleukin 1β (IL‐1β), which activates phosphorylation of the glycolytic enzyme glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD2) at threonine 10 (GPD2 pT10) through phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase‐mediated activation of protein kinase‐delta (PKCδ) in glioma cells. GPD2 pT10 enhanced its substrate affinity and increased the catalytic rate of glycolysis in glioma cells. Inhibiting PKCδ or GPD2 pT10 in glioma cells or blocking IL‐1β generated by macrophages attenuated the glycolytic rate and proliferation of glioma cells. Furthermore, human glioblastoma tumor GPD2 pT10 levels were positively correlated with tumor p‐PKCδ and IL‐1β levels as well as intratumoral macrophage recruitment, tumor grade and human glioblastoma patient survival. These results reveal a novel tumorigenic role for M2 macrophages in the TME. In addition, these findings suggest possible treatment strategies for glioma patients through blockade of cytokine crosstalk between M2 macrophages and glioma cells.

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These results demonstrate that ISL causes protection of CLP-induced sepsis in experimental mice via multiple pathways.