The number of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) has been increasing in China. Previous studies have examined the association between social norms and risk behaviors among high-risk populations for HIV infection. However, little is known about social norms and condom use among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). This study sought to investigate the relationship between perceived social norms on condom use and inconsistent condom use among PLWHA. A cross-sectional survey was conducted through convenience sampling among 412 PLWHA between March and June 2013 in Guangzhou, China. Descriptive norm of condom use was measured as perception of number of friends thinking it necessary to use condoms when having sex. About three-fourths (n = 301, 73.1%) of the PLWHA were sexually active since HIV diagnosis. Among the sexually active PLWHA, the average age was 36.5 years; about two-thirds were male; the majority was Han ethnic (92.7%); 55.5% discussed condom use with their friends and the rate of inconsistent condom use in the last three sexual encounters was 29.2%. In the multivariate logistic regression, PLWHA who perceived more of their friends' approval of condom use were less likely to engage in unprotected sex than their counterparts (aOR = 0.25, p = .001). Those whose family members were aware of their HIV infection status were less likely to engage in unprotected sex than their counterparts (aOR = 0.17, p < .001). Those who lived with family members were more likely to have unprotected sex than those who lived with friends (aOR = 8.47, p = .007). The results underscore the importance of developing culturally appropriate social norm-based HIV interventions among PLWHA. Future interventions focused on changing social norms on risk behaviors in the social network of PLWHA have the potential to reduce risk behaviors and to promote condom use among PLWHA.

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Driver distraction detection (3D) is essential in improving the efficiency and safety of transportation systems. Considering the requirements for user privacy and the phenomenon of data growth in real-world scenarios, existing methods are insufficient to address four emerging challenges, i.e., data accumulation, communication optimization, data heterogeneity, and device heterogeneity. This paper presents an incremental and cost-efficient mechanism based on federated meta-learning, called ICMFed, to support the tasks of 3D by addressing the four challenges. In particular, it designs a temporal factor associated with local training batches to stabilize the local model training, introduces gradient filters of each model layer to optimize the client–server interaction, implements a normalized weight vector to enhance the global model aggregation process, and supports rapid personalization for each user by adapting the learned global meta-model. According to the evaluation made based on the standard dataset, ICMFed can outperform three baselines in training two common models (i.e., DenseNet and EfficientNet) with average accuracy improved by about 141.42%, training time saved by about 54.80%, communication cost reduced by about 54.94%, and service quality improved by about 96.86%.

Based on data from the China Health and Pension Tracking Survey (CHARLS) 2013, we explored the impact of altruistic behaviors on rural residents' mental health. In order to more effectively estimate the impact of altruistic behaviors on the mental health of the elderly, the instrumental variable method is used for model estimation. The results show that after solving endogenous problems, the altruistic behavior of rural elderly has a significant positive effect on their own mental health. However, the promotion effect of the elderly in different working states is different. Specifically, the good behavior of the elderly without work can significantly affect their mental health, and the results of the elderly with work are not significant. In addition, factors such as gender and marital status also affect the mental health of the elderly. Finally, it is proposed to encourage the elderly to participate in other altruistic activities such as voluntary activities to promote their own mental health.