The central nervous system (CNS) is the major target for adverse effects of alcohol and extensively promotes the development of a significant number of neurological diseases such as stroke, brain tumor, multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Excessive alcohol consumption causes severe neuro-immunological changes in the internal organs including irreversible brain injury and it also reacts with the defense mechanism of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which in turn leads to changes in the configuration of the tight junction of endothelial cells and white matter thickness of the brain. Neuronal injury associated with malnutrition and oxidative stress-related BBB dysfunction may cause neuronal degeneration and demyelination in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD); however, the underlying mechanism still remains unknown. To address this question, studies need to be performed on the contributing mechanisms of alcohol on pathological relationships of neurodegeneration that cause permanent neuronal damage. Moreover, alcohol-induced molecular changes of white matter with conduction disturbance in neurotransmission are a likely cause of myelin defect or axonal loss which correlates with cognitive dysfunctions in AUD. To extend our current knowledge in developing a neuroprotective environment, we need to explore the pathophysiology of ethanol (EtOH) metabolism and its effect on the CNS. Recent epidemiological studies and experimental animal research have revealed the association between excessive alcohol consumption and neurodegeneration. This review supports an interdisciplinary treatment protocol to protect the nervous system and to improve the cognitive outcomes of patients who suffer from alcohol-related neurodegeneration as well as clarify the pathological involvement of alcohol in causing other major neurological disorders.

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Growing antibiotic resistance has been reported as a great health problem throughout the world. The threat of multidrug resistance is significantly exacerbated in biofilmassociated infection as most of the antimicrobials are rarely effective against biofilm and its virulence factors. Consequently, there is a strong demand for developing novel approaches and new materials to treat biofilm-associated bacterial infection. Engineering technology introduces nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery to reduce treatment failure and increase the synergistic effects of the drugs. Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) are usually attracted to negatively charged bacterial phospholipid membrane and kill the microbial pathogens by disintegrating their cell membrane with the subsequent collapse of infective pathogenesis. Previous studies have already provided evidence of the success of AMPs to treat the biofilm-associated multidrug-resistant bacterial infection. Although, there are some challenges to use AMPs in clinical practice such as proteolytic degradation, cytotoxicity, instability, low membrane permeability which diminishes the effects of AMPs as a wide spectral antibacterial agent. To enhance the highest therapeutic capacity of AMPs, research should need to be performed on designing a combination strategy to triumph over the difficulties of AMPs in the clinical application. The purpose of this review is to investigate the synergistic relationship of AMPs with a different type of antimicrobial agent including a nanocarrier drug delivery system to accomplish the clinical practice against drug-resistant bacterial infection.