An in-house loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) reaction was established and evaluated for sensitivity and specificity in detecting the presence of Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) isolates from Kelantan, Malaysia. Three sets of primers consisting of two outer and 4 inner were designed based on locus STBHUCCB_38510 of chaperone PapD of S. Typhi genes. The reaction was optimised using genomic DNA of S. Typhi ATCC7251 as the template. The products were visualised directly by colour changes of the reaction. Positive results were indicated by green fluorescence and negative by orange colour. The test was further evaluated for specificity, sensitivity and application on field samples. The results were compared with those obtained by gold standard culture method and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). This method was highly specific and -10 times more sensitive in detecting S. Typhi compared to the optimised conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.

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This paper concerned with the identification of S .aureus and detection of tet (k) gene using PCR technique .A total of fifty samples were collected from different clinical sources: 20 from burns, (10) surgical wounds, (10) dental carries, and (10) urine samples from patients who were admitted to West Erbil Emergency and Rizgary teaching Hospitals during 1 October to 17december 2020. Isolates were identified using conventional method and confirmed by VITEK2 compact system. Twenty out of Fifty isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus. Disk diffusion method was done for antibiotic resistance, all S. aureus isolates were showed resistance to antibiotic in different percentage: 100% for AMC, AP, AX, and PG, 90% for ME, 65% for CAZ, 65% for TM, 60% for T, 60% for E, 50% for CRO, 45% for CTX, and S, 45% for L, 40% for RA, 40% for DA, 35% for CIP, 35% for C%15, for KF and 10% for GM while all isolates were sensitive to vancomycin . PCR technique results of partial fragments of tet (K) gene using 360bp primer were shown that 7 (35%) of isolates were tetk positive, while 13 (65%) of the isolates were tetk negative.

A collective of 1178 different isolates were collected and identified from clinical specimens of human patients and these sources include urine (n=641), swab (n=483), wound (n=29) and blood (n=25). A present study were confirmed on antibiotic resistance against some pathogenic bacterial genera (n=1178) which include Escherichia coli (n=417), Staphylococcus aureus (n=377), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=212), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=145) and Streptococcus spp. (n=27) isolates; was carried out in Internal Lab from Teaching Hospital in Erbil city, in September 15, 2012 to June 20, 2013. Susceptibility was determined by the disc diffusion method recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). The following antimicrobials were tested: AMC 20µg, AK (30µg), AM (30µg), AZM (15µg), ATM (30µg), CAR (100µg), CF (30µg), CEC (30µg), CFZ (15µg), CD (5µg), CFM (30µg), CPO (30µg), CP (75µg), FOX (30µg), CPR (30µg), CXM (30µg), KF (30µg), C (30µg), CN (100µg), CIP (5µg), CLM (15µg), DA (2µg), CT (10µg), E (15µg), G (10µg), GIP (5µg), IPM (10µg), DP (5µg), NAF (1µg), NF (30µg), F (300µg), NOR (10µg), OX (1µg), PG (10µg), PIP (100µg), RA (5µg), TE (30µg), TC (75µg), TOB (10µg), SXT (1.25/23.75µg), and VA (30µg). The resistances percent of all bacterial isolates show different range of resistant which start from 0.00% and reach to 100%.

A total of thirty five Acinetobacterbaumanniii solates were identified from burn, wound, urine, and sputum samples among two hundred forty five patients admitted to Rizgary, Erbil Teaching, and West Emergency hospitals in Erbil city during the period of February 1, 2013to May 15, 2014. The isolateswere identified by colonial appearance, morphological characteristics, biochemical tests, VITEK 2 system, and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique, through amplification of blaOXA-51. The PCR product on gel electrophoresis was 353bp which confirm that the isolates were Acinetobacterbaumannii. A. baumanniitested for antibiotics susceptibility test using agar diffusion method and the results showed that 35 (100%), 35 (100%), 25 (71.42%), 22 (62.85%), 19 (54.28%), 16 (45.71%), 14(40%),8 (22.85),7 (20),and 3 (8.57) were resistant to Vancomycin, Penicillin, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Erythromycin, Doxycycline, Streptomycin, Gentamycin, Imipenem, and Cefazolinrespectively.All isolates of A. baumannii were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. The isolates were screened for the presence of carbapenem resistance–associated outer membrane protein gene (carO gene) and the results shows that 18 (51.42%) isolates were positive for the (carO gene) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay.To control the antibiotic resistance of the tested Acinetobacterbaumanniiisolates, curing of plasmid DNA was conducted using ethidium bromide. One of the most resistance isolate was chosen for this purpose (A33) then treated with Ethidium bromide at concentration (50, 75,100,125,150,and 175μg/ml). The results revealed that the genes encoded resistance for Imipenem, Vancomycin, penicillin,and doxycycline were cured from A33 and the percentage of curing was (36.3%) and the best concentration was 125 μg/ml.