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. Ethanol oxidation activity and structure of carbon-supported Pt- (HMTA). TEM analysis showed that PdSn-SnO2 /C catalyst made using the HMTA stabilizer produced the smallest particle size. XRD analysis detected the presence of PdSn alloy and the SnO2 phase in all three PdSn-SnO2 /C samples, and showed that PdSn-SnO2 (HMTA) had the smallest lattice parameter. After PdSn-SnO2 samples were modified by Pt, the particle size distribution and average size of nanoparticles of Pt-PdSn-SnO2 did not obviously change, and the fcc structure of PdSn in all three samples was retained. XPS measurement showed a higher upshift of Pt 4f binding energy occurred for Pt/PdSn-SnO2 /C (HMTA) compared to those of Pt/PdSn-SnO2 /C (EDTA) and Pt/PdSn-SnO2 /C (Nacitrate). Pt/PdSn-SnO2 /C (HMTA) was also found to have the highest CO and ethanol oxidation activity among the three catalysts. IntroductionThe direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) affords an attractive alternative to the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) because: (1) ethanol is less toxic than methanol and is easier to store and transport due to its relatively higher boiling point; (2) ethanol can be produced in large quantities by chemical or biological processes; and (3) ethanol has higher energy density than methanol [1]. However, implementation of DEFC technology is hindered by the sluggish rate of the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) on the anode [2], and thus requires the development of effective anodic catalysts to increase EOR activity.

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