Academic freedom and the protection of human research subjects are central tenets of American universities. Academic freedom protects the rights of tenured professors to conduct autonomous research; human subject protection ensures that research causes as minimal a risk as possible to study participants. Although the two principles are mutually exclusive, recent trends in Institutional Review Board jurisdiction have placed the two principles in increasing conflict with one another. This article outlines three ways in which Institutional Review Boards potentially infringe on academic freedom: (a) by regulating who is required to consent to research, (b) by stipulating the type of questions allowed and location of research interactions, and (c) by limiting research design.

Detrimental differences in educational opportunities for students of color continue to exist in the post-Brown United States. This article focuses on inequities in access to higher education by addressing the following question: How do disparities in counseling services affect college access for students of color? Guided by a review of the literature, authors use data from a qualitative case study of high school guidance in an overcrowded school to illustrate the complexity of advising duties, structural constraints on effective guidance, and the effects of insufficient counseling on student perceptions of their support systems with regard to collegegoing.In many ways, the desegregation mandates of Brown v. the Board of Education (1954) were a turning point in promoting equitable educational opportunities for historically underrepresented students. But as we look back on the impacts of the ruling, the question of schooling outcomes for students of color is still uncertain. With this in mind, we use college access as a barometer for assessing if, and just how far, we have progressed. Although college enrollment figures illustrate an increase in the numbers of African American, 442 Corwin et al. / SCHOOL COUNSEL

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